Reflection on Global Operation Management Essay

Pietra Rivoli who is an associate professor in the Georgetown University, specializes in finance and social issues, and is the author of the book, ‘The Travels of a T-shirt in the Global Economy’. The main reason which instigated Rivoli to write this book, was a speech a student had given at the Georgetown University, the student was severely criticizing globalization, and asking about who made the T-shirts they were wearing. She told some facts about child labor in India and Vietnam, which made everybody, sit up and think, including Rivoli. Rivoli then starts on a journey to find out some interesting facts about the origin of the T-shirt. Her case study starts in Texas at the home of Nelson Reinch, who produces enough cotton for more than 1.3 million T-shirts. Reinch and his colleagues control the whole world market of cotton, through hard work, determination, modern technology and much needed discounts from the government. Reinch was no where in comparison to the poor farmers in India and Africa, who did not have proper funds or government support in marketing their goods. Rivoli’s next stop was China, were she met a young woman Yuang Zhi, who spun the yarn for the fabric and sewed the shirt. This young lady worked for 50 hours a week, and earned nearly $150 per month. This woman’s working conditions were far better than the conditions in which women had to work previously in Manchester and England. This was probably the woman’s first encounter with independence and identity, which came in the form a paycheck, even though it was a small amount.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The most important point which was very surprising was that, throughout the world there must be millions of people who manufacture cotton, but the manufacturers from Texas were totally dominating the cotton industry, because of their shrewd manner by which they manage to avoid competition. These manufacturers manage to control the market by avoiding the labor market, which make the other manufacturers unable to compete with them due to no government and political assistance, lack of proper education and money. People who support globalization vow by the free trade of clothes, as it can be used to the advantage of the poorer countries. Rivoli was surprised to find that how recycled clothes from the USA were a rage in Tanzania. Used clothes from America get imported in huge quantities to Tanzania. Tanzania is a small country which was slowly proceeding towards a more liberal capitalist system from the socialist model. People are able to freely take part in the daily auctions of the clothes at the market place, and merchants are also making a mark for themselves in the cutthroat markets as consumers or retailers. Rivoli feels that free trade should be encouraged without any government or political interference in the markets. According to the author, United States is on the top of the market whereas Africa is at the bottom; she feels that USA will have a better chance to make progress economically if they give a reasonable chance of competition to other poorer countries. Tanzania is a proper example of how a free market should work, and these markets are extremely professional, but do not get acknowledged, because of the low capital raised through such markets, which is not significant. Two of the most important principles which need to be followed are that, government and political interference should not be there in any market. Another point is that the subsidy which US government gives the cotton manufacturers is indirectly harming other poorer countries. Rich people are becoming wealthier and the poor are becoming poorer. If the subsidies are reduced, the price of cotton can be increased, which would be beneficial to other poorer markets. Another important point which is a shock is that the clothes that people donate, are not given away freely to poor people, but are sold to middlemen for huge profits, which later land in the streets of   the Tanzania marketplace. Some of the most important principles which can be followed by other industries also are that free market in any trade should be encouraged, and people should have the power to voice their demands, meaning a free democracy should be prevalent to achieve a fruitful society. Government should support free trade in any industry, and should provide the necessary platform in the form of proper education and capital to help the markets grow. Some of the other reasons for the trouble that African industries are facing are the lack of proper authority, which is due to no proper education, corruption and insecurity. The author Rivoli made a very good job of the book, she was successful in exposing the secrets and complications of the cotton trade globally.   Her views on free trade and liberal democracy are very interesting, and should be followed by the authorities of the poorer countries for a better society. On the whole she succeeded in voicing her thoughts and opinions on the recycle market in Tanzania, and hopefully, their government will provide a strong platform for such global trades. References Kris Hundley, What a T-shirt Teaches Series., St Petersburg Times, 4 October 2007, . Lauren Dorsey, Lauren Barbieri, Zack Thomas, ‘The Travelers of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy, by Pietra Rivoli’, 4 October 2007, .

Adult Learning Theory

Adult Learning Theory Cedric A. Smith March 5, 2013 INFT 101 – B63 LUO Summary Adult learning theory focuses on educating adults in a style that best relates to the life and experiences. Adults and children learn in different ways. It has been found that children learn because they have to, while adults learn for reasons usually based on self motivated factors or androgogy (Holt, 2011). â€Å"Teaching that transforms: Facilitating life change through adult Bible teaching† by Richard A.Holt (2011), it is stated that it is necessary to bring both concepts of the Bible teaching and contemporary adult learning theories together for the most effectiveness. In the Holt article; it is shown that Biblical explanation and interpretation assist the adult learner in gaining knowledge. The choices one makes gives real world perspective and power can only be obtained by the Holy Spirit. The article discusses the styles in which adult learning makes a difference, whether androgogy, t ransformative learning or self-directed learning (Holt). Adult Learning Theory for the Twenty-First Century† discusses the goals of educators to better prepare themselves to better deal with adult learners. Over the last 15 years, learning theories have changed very aggressively (Merriam, 2008). As adults continue to develop human physiology changes, thus learning teaching styles have to change to keep up. It has been recognized that with time everything that adults experience is part of the learning process. It has been further recognized that educators have to increase their tool set to involve creative and artistic modes of teaching to reach a wider audience.Both articles cover the ever-changing dynamics of the human psyche and educational styles and requirements in dealing with adult learning. Educators have to continue to increase knowledge both for themselves as well as those whom they are educating. Where the styles of the teaching process in the Holt (2011) article dif fer from the Merriam (2008) article, they both recognize the changes in adult learners. It has been recognized over years and will continue for years to come that educators of adults will have to continue honing their skill sets to accommodate the learning styles of adults.Since adults learn differently from children it is important to include the learning styles necessary to maximize the efforts of educators. As adults learning styles change it will be necessary for those educating adults to change also. Reflection After reading both articles and realizing the application in my own life and learning style, I conclude that adults learn differently. There were moments of complete frustration as I was putting my thoughts together as I can tend to be somewhat of a perfectionist. I had the realization that time management and organizational skills are imperative when completing an assignment of any type.The Holt (2011) article caught my attention initially because of how I tend to study and read the Bible in particular. I am coming to understand more and more how I learn and further realize that the concepts of knowledge, choice and power are applicable in my own life. I am intrigued by the concept mentioned in the Holt article and will consider its application to my current Bible study methods. The Merriam (2008) article is interesting in the fact that I had no idea how challenging it is for educators to keep up with the learning curve that is necessary to continue teaching the increasing number of adult learners.Being out of the college environment for so long, I realize it is not as easy to just get things done with all of the demands of life as I know it. I can see how both articles and their teaching styles have a positive impact on dealing with adult learning. With all of the influences of culture, music, art, etc, it is imperative that educators find a way to keep up with the demands of educating the population of adults returning to increase their knowledg e to keep up with fast paced American culture. I now have a new respect for teachers on all levels. It is interesting that adult educator’s find is so necessary to effectively reach adults.It is increasingly more common for adults to return to school for a number of reasons, and are driven to succeed for just as many reasons. Thankfully educators realize the change necessary to comprehend the goals of those adults striving for successes related to educating themselves. References Holt, R. A. (2011). Teaching that transforms: Facilitating life change through adult Bible teaching. Christian Education Journal,  8(2), 450+ Merriam, S. B. (2008). Adult learning theory for the twenty-first century. New Directions For Adult And Continuing Education, Volume 2008, Issue 119, 93-98. DOI: 10. 1002/ace. 309 Adult Learning Theory Adult Learning Theory Cedric A. Smith March 5, 2013 INFT 101 – B63 LUO Summary Adult learning theory focuses on educating adults in a style that best relates to the life and experiences. Adults and children learn in different ways. It has been found that children learn because they have to, while adults learn for reasons usually based on self motivated factors or androgogy (Holt, 2011). â€Å"Teaching that transforms: Facilitating life change through adult Bible teaching† by Richard A.Holt (2011), it is stated that it is necessary to bring both concepts of the Bible teaching and contemporary adult learning theories together for the most effectiveness. In the Holt article; it is shown that Biblical explanation and interpretation assist the adult learner in gaining knowledge. The choices one makes gives real world perspective and power can only be obtained by the Holy Spirit. The article discusses the styles in which adult learning makes a difference, whether androgogy, t ransformative learning or self-directed learning (Holt). Adult Learning Theory for the Twenty-First Century† discusses the goals of educators to better prepare themselves to better deal with adult learners. Over the last 15 years, learning theories have changed very aggressively (Merriam, 2008). As adults continue to develop human physiology changes, thus learning teaching styles have to change to keep up. It has been recognized that with time everything that adults experience is part of the learning process. It has been further recognized that educators have to increase their tool set to involve creative and artistic modes of teaching to reach a wider audience.Both articles cover the ever-changing dynamics of the human psyche and educational styles and requirements in dealing with adult learning. Educators have to continue to increase knowledge both for themselves as well as those whom they are educating. Where the styles of the teaching process in the Holt (2011) article dif fer from the Merriam (2008) article, they both recognize the changes in adult learners. It has been recognized over years and will continue for years to come that educators of adults will have to continue honing their skill sets to accommodate the learning styles of adults.Since adults learn differently from children it is important to include the learning styles necessary to maximize the efforts of educators. As adults learning styles change it will be necessary for those educating adults to change also. Reflection After reading both articles and realizing the application in my own life and learning style, I conclude that adults learn differently. There were moments of complete frustration as I was putting my thoughts together as I can tend to be somewhat of a perfectionist. I had the realization that time management and organizational skills are imperative when completing an assignment of any type.The Holt (2011) article caught my attention initially because of how I tend to study and read the Bible in particular. I am coming to understand more and more how I learn and further realize that the concepts of knowledge, choice and power are applicable in my own life. I am intrigued by the concept mentioned in the Holt article and will consider its application to my current Bible study methods. The Merriam (2008) article is interesting in the fact that I had no idea how challenging it is for educators to keep up with the learning curve that is necessary to continue teaching the increasing number of adult learners.Being out of the college environment for so long, I realize it is not as easy to just get things done with all of the demands of life as I know it. I can see how both articles and their teaching styles have a positive impact on dealing with adult learning. With all of the influences of culture, music, art, etc, it is imperative that educators find a way to keep up with the demands of educating the population of adults returning to increase their knowledg e to keep up with fast paced American culture. I now have a new respect for teachers on all levels. It is interesting that adult educator’s find is so necessary to effectively reach adults.It is increasingly more common for adults to return to school for a number of reasons, and are driven to succeed for just as many reasons. Thankfully educators realize the change necessary to comprehend the goals of those adults striving for successes related to educating themselves. References Holt, R. A. (2011). Teaching that transforms: Facilitating life change through adult Bible teaching. Christian Education Journal,  8(2), 450+ Merriam, S. B. (2008). Adult learning theory for the twenty-first century. New Directions For Adult And Continuing Education, Volume 2008, Issue 119, 93-98. DOI: 10. 1002/ace. 309

UAV history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

UAV history - Essay Example In World War 2, Nazis developed revenge weapon 1, a UAV that could be used in fighting targets not meant for the military. It could move at a speed of 804km/h, and carry 907 kilos of explosives. In 1960s and 70s, US used AQM-34 Ryan to fly more than 34000 surveillance flights. It was a type of UAV that could be launched form a host plane and had operators controlling it within that plane. The US also used lightning bugs a type of UAV that was released from an airborne C-130s for several missions over china and Vietnam. In late 1970s and 80s, Israel came up with the scout and pioneer which may be a representative of the modern type of UAV used today. It was capable of transmitting live video with a view of 360 degrees [2]. Due to their small size, these UAVs were cost effective to produce and difficult to shoot them. USA acquired them from Israel and used them in the gulf war. In the 20th century, the development of the predator drone saw the UAVs remain in the war front. One example is the MQ-1 predator that was useful in the warfront and is still crucial even

Marketing plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Marketing plan - Assignment Example We will introduce the new notebook, The Book-It Note, with penetration pricing and formidable advertising. We will also employ extensive distribution, which will translate to increased revenue and growth rate. Those over 31 years of age purchase relatively over 50 percent of all the notebooks as shown in the table above. Purchase of notebooks is also supposed to be dependent on gender. Normally, women purchase notebooks more than men do. However, the trend changes when the group in question is around 35 years of age or older. The current generation of young men is used to smartphone apps more than ladies are meaning that they may not be a very good set of The Book-It Note customers. For female student customers, their attention to aesthetic may require that we make the notebook a little appealing with vibrant colors. However, The Book-It Note is generally plain and neat eliminating any distractions while using it. Within the consumer market, we identify middle and upper-income professionals who normally have very tight schedules and their professions demand that they do not forget things they have discussed throughout the day or worse still, forget future meetings. The intricacy involved in using phones to record notes or noting down future appointments plus the possibility that the phone discharges or may lose data require more ‘tangible’ places to note down important information. The classical notebook is normally the best for this purpose. To reach this market, we will employ sales and marketing agents who will be visiting people in their offices and informing them of our innovative

New York City Subway System as a Potential Target for the Terrorists Assignment - 1

New York City Subway System as a Potential Target for the Terrorists - Assignment Example The city cannot operate without the rapid transport system. This makes the subway an integral part of everyday life in New York. The importance of the New York City subway system makes it a potential target by the terrorists. The objective of terrorists is to instill fear in the minds of dwellers of a particular region by disrupting their activities and economy. The terrorists target the infrastructure that a city or state cannot do without. They disrupt operations and crumble economies. This makes the subway a preferred target. The attack involves a gas that will be spread across the subway to render the commuters there inactive. Since the terrorist expects maximum casualty, this will be their best approach. Thereafter, a bomb will be detonated to destroy the underground transit system. Such an act will affect a number of systems. The first will be the electricity transmission lines. The system of the underground transport system depends entirely on electricity for lighting and controlling the temperatures, the bomb is expected to destroy the wire lines that will have an impact on the city-wide transmission lines. A number of blocks adjacent to the building will go without electricity after the attack. The gas will pollute the air around New York City and might affect the Hudson River water. When such an attack is launched in a system as expansive as the New York City subway system, a number of activities need to be realized to assist in containing the situation. A first, every station will need to have their own communication base where all communication to the commuters and workers will be initiated. The security heads at every base will need radios and protective gear. Two at each station will be enough to ensure seamless communication. This will require 936 radios. The personnel will also need protective gear to protect them from the dangerous gases.

BUS599 - Integrative Project, Mod 4 Case Assignment Essay

BUS599 - Integrative Project, Mod 4 Case Assignment - Essay Example The model views an organization as a summation of different components that interact with each other. The model advocates that the success or failure of an organization is dependent on the effective functioning or dysfunction f the components; i.e. the degree of congruence of fitness among the components. As per the objectives the outputs of an organization on three different levels; such as over all organizational level, group level and at last but not the least at the individual level would be analyzed by using the Convergence Model. The organization chosen is: Whole Foods Market (Anderson, 2011). Company Overview Whole Foods Market is an Austin Texas based food retailer. The company sells natural organic products. The company has come a long way since the humble beginnings in the year 1980. Today the company is believed to be a leader in organic foods industry. It has over three hundred stores in UK and North America. Outputs at the organizational level As discussed before Whole F oods Market provides healthy organic foods to the customers. The product line of the company can be categorized as; 365 Everyday Value products provide valued prices on each day of the year. Exclusive products include new products launched by the company in the market. Premium body care products include personal care products that meet strict quality and environmental guidelines. The rest of the two members of the whole Foods Market include Whole Foods Market and Whole foods trade. In order to analyze the overall organizational output of the company three key factors needed to be considered such as overall goal attainment, efficiency in resource utilization and ability to adapt to different environment. The overall goal attainment will be discussed at the end of this segment as it is believed to be a dependent over the other two factors. The resources of the company can be categorized in to dimensions such as human resource, reputation and innovation resource. When it comes to human resource Whole Foods has really managed to excel in that department. It is quite difficult to measure knowledge. But going by customer loyalty and trust among the customers it can be summed up as an output of the knowledge and efficiency of the customers. The harmonious and beneficial relation of the company doesn’t end with the customers only. The same could be said about the suppliers also. Whole has managed to grab the number one spot when it comes to innovation. The health related movements has helped the company to promote the concept of healthy lifestyle among diverse age groups. Whole Foods have managed to create value of its own kind as far as reputation is concerned as the company has been able to develop an image of reliability. As far as ability to adapt to different condition is concerned the results speak for it. From the humble beginnings the company has expanded its business across the borders successfully. This only happens to be by product of the ability of the company to adapt to different conditions successfully. The organic food business is a large and growing industry. In the initial days the awareness of the products among the people was very low. Whole Foods played a key role in creating health related awareness among the people which has lead to the growth of the business. The market is expected to grow over the years. And it is needless to say that the company has is the leading market share holder of the industry. The third quarter earnings of the company increased by 32%. The sales stores increased

Thesis essay on digital media Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Thesis on digital media - Essay Example Youths are consistent users of digital media than any other group in the society. It is considered a natural aspect that youths are so much integrated into digital media. For instance, almost every young person possesses cell phone. Most of these youths do not necessary make calls or send short messages. They only want to feel part of the larger population that has identified itself with the current trends of digital media. On the same note, youths unlike any other groups of the society uses phones among other digital media devices in the most diverse way. In this regard, it is right to assert that digital media is a habit for the youth. The youth has assimilated and embraced digital media quite fast. This has made them used to it, especially in the social aspects of life. Family negotiations are a critical and integral factor in the digital media-youth interaction. It has been deemed to act as a control or autonomy tool in the youth-family affairs. Digital media has made communication, data processing, sending and receiving of information easy. With this, parents and other family members can monitor their youth using digital media devices. On the other hand, the youth counts on the digital media devices as a source of freedom. Although easier and cheap means of communication are provided, ascertaining the credibility of the information given may be challenging. The youth take this advantage to lie about their whereabouts, thereby achieving their autonomy purposes. Digital media has created a whole new world for the youth. The youth expresses a crystalline awareness on digital media. In the social networks context, digital media is not only prosthesis of their body, but of their social competence as well (Aspray 153). When direct communication fails to materialize, then digital media finds its way in account for the loop. Uncomfortable and embarrassing moments for the youth have been

Entrepreneurial DNA Reading Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Entrepreneurial DNA Reading Assignment - Essay Example Various definitions have attempted to present what it takes to become successful entrepreneurs. Some relate entrepreneurial success to age, education among other factors. While these factors are essential in ensuring the success in business, they lack reliability and validity. However, Entrepreneurial DNA development types present an understandable, valid and reliable approach. As a result, BOSI represents the four types of Entrepreneurial DNA that exists among entrepreneurs. These types relate to Builder, Opportunist, Specialist as well as an innovator that form the DNA of entrepreneurship. Builders tend to possess the characteristics related to high maintenance with a keen focus on increasing the sales volume and the lowest limit that an organization may effectively operate (Abraham 2011). These individuals are like chess players in the business environment as they concentrate on achieving two or more moves ahead of other players in the business environment. Opportunists, on the ot her hand, attribute everything at their disposal as achievable. To the opportunist, the word the word failure only exists in the mindset of a person but not in the real world. One of the significant achievers that Abraham suggests as an opportunist is Richard Branson, who has successfully enlarged his business empire based on his instinct ability to identify a course of corporate action and react. Opportunists influence workers towards achieving milestones that under typical situations workers may fail to meet. The other type of entrepreneurs relates to specialists who engage and focus on defined set of activities and works to achieve perfection. A leading example is Bill Gates and his Microsoft Corporation, where he has focused on one thing and worked to perfect the results of the activity. Abraham recognizes these types of entrepreneurs as essential to the economy as they play a significant

Britain's conflict with the Mau Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Britain's conflict with the Mau - Essay Example I blame it on the period of occurrence since it is evident that most of the Mau Mau individuals were illiterate (Bradley, 1999). For this reason, they failed to see the significance of taking records on events happening during the time. According to David Anderson, he gave his figures on the number of casualties that faced judgment in relating to the crimes they committed, such as murder and rebellion against the laws set by the British government (Otero, 2010, p. 151). Many different authors such as Bernard Porter have different figures that contradict with David’s article ‘How Did They Get Away with It?’ (Porter, 2005, p. 2). The crimes committed during that time include murder of thousands of natives, the majority being the Kikuyu, brutal torture and unfair justice. The British Empire’s action towards the Kenyans was against human right (Howe, 2005, p. 138). For example, crimes such as forced labor, law wages and torture were against human rights. The co nsequences for such misguided actions include offering compensation to the family members of the Mau Mau group. In the article ‘Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World’ (2003), Niall Ferguson talks about the trial of Mau Mau suspects that was altered by either bribes or favourism. The United Nations branch in charge of protecting and defending human rights should have taken actions and let the British government face the consequences (Curtis, 2003, p. 127). For example, the consequences include facing the law, doing acts of contrition, providing health services to affected Mau Mau members and creating a memorandum of understanding with the Kenyan government and the Mau Mau (Slocum, 2005, p. 70). Analyze, evaluate and interpret complex abstract ideas and relate them to Britain's conflict with the Mau Mau In analyzing, evaluating and interpreting complex ideas, I come up with the idea that colonization was both beneficial and destructive. In relating it to Britainâ€⠄¢s conflict with Mau Mau, it is true that the British government introduced civilization, education, and large scale farming (Bradley, 1999). They improved infrastructure by constructing roads, buildings and industries that served as a source of employment to the Kikuyu and Mau Mau members. The benefits of the British colonization are innumerable and its effects are still witnessed currently since the country has progressed in international business and infrastructure (Porter, 2005, p. 4). On the contrary, the colonization had its negative impacts such as misery and suffering of the Mau Mau members, e.g., separation of family members since the men had to fight for the community (Berman and Lonsdale, 2002, p. 89). The number of deaths that were as a result of the colonization was astonishingly high since many individuals lost their lives fighting for freedom and their rights. Secondly, another idea I will bring forward is that democracy is essential when dealing with a large number of people. In relating this idea to the British conflict with Mau Mau, I believe that the British could have been welcomed peacefully if they could have used democracy as a tool for ruling (Branch, 2009, p. 54). Democracy allows people to choose policies, leaders, and regulations that would govern them.

Current Events and U.S. Diplomacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Current Events and U.S. Diplomacy - Essay Example The current status of relationships between Russia and the United states cannot be termed as friendly by any means because the relationships which were strained by the US withdrawal from ABM treaty and which were further deteriorated by Iraq war and Kosovo independence crisis continued to go from bad to worse. Another significant down came in March 2007 when US announced its plans to build an anti-ballistic missile defense installation in Poland along with a radar station in the Czech Republic. According to the United States officials, the motive behind such plans is to safeguard the international peace and ensure international security against the threat posed by Iranian and North Korean nuclear weapons to the world. However Russia considered this move as an aggression against them because Poland and Czech Republic are former Warsaw Pact countries and US military influence in these countries means creating an imbalance of power in Europe once again. Russian President issued various statements to protest against this action and warn the US president about the consequences of such a move while on the other side Russia continued to test its intercontinental missiles and claimed that these missiles can defeat all kinds of missile defense systems. Russia also started establishing missile defense basis along the now US backed Poland (Kegley & Blanton, 2011). The relationships between the two countries have reached another historical low at the moment and the Russian-Georgian clash. and Russian military cooperation with Venezuela are the most recent incidents which mark the strain in the relationships. The diplomatic dialogue between both countries has almost ceased to a zero level at the moment and there are no hopes of an improvement in the relationships in recent future. The relationships between the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and United States are a matter of very frequent discussion in international politics today and the subject has many complexities associated with it. The diplomatic ties between the two countries exist from the year 1947; Pakistan emerged on the map of the world during this year. From the very beginning the basis of

Before Anyone Is Admitted Into The Military Forces Essay Example for Free

Before Anyone Is Admitted Into The Military Forces Essay Before anyone is admitted into the military forces, or positions concerning keeping the lives of other safe, they must go through a series of physical tests and training to see if they can adequately perform their duties .Physical training is done before a trainee enters and continues periodically as long as the trainee remains throughout. Physical training includes running, push-ups, sit ups, pull ups and other strenuous calisthenics. Testing is more demanding for the younger and more potent bodies, and is harder to complete. For example, young men, ages 20-29, entering police departments in Illinois are expected to do 38 sit-ups in one minute, while the men, age 50-59, are expected to only complete 24. Younger men are expected to bench press nearly 100% of their own body weight. This factor comes into key for lifting bodies; say out of dangerous situations, while older men are expected to lift only 71%. Not only does age contribute to the factor of how much training needs to be completed, but gender does as well. There are plenty of women present and working hard in military forces, and other jobs involving the safety of everyday citizens. Young women in Illinois, ages 20-29, are expected to do 32 sit-ups in one minute, women, and age 50-59, barely 14. One will notice that the requirements for the women are less demanding, to that of their male counterparts. So the argument now is: should women be expected to complete the same amount of physical training as men? To answer this question, people should consider that male and female bodies were originally evolved, or were designed to complete very different jobs, men being hunters, while women gathered small fruits and berries and tended to the home. Of course, hunting is much of physical and demanded more than picking a few berries off a nearby bush, so it required a more able body for the job. Women were not even able to participate in army forces till 1775 and the first battle ever is dated back to nearly 1479BCE. Women still were not even completing the same jobs though as the men. In 1775 they simply tended to the wounded, cooked, and cleaned, nowhere near marching side by side in combat. The first women were not even admitted into military services academy’s until 1976 and not deployed into dangerous combat zones until 1991. Therefore women should not be expected to complete the same amount of training as men. Ariel White Mrs. LaToya Brown English 102 March 8, 2015 Title: Military Fitness Testing: Should the Bar be Lowered on Women’s Standard’s? Topic: the federal government should lower physical requirement guidelines so that women may admitted into the military (or fire/police departments). Thesis: During physical testing for military positions, women should not be held to the same standards as to their male counterparts.

The Changing Nature Of The Family Sociology Essay

The Changing Nature Of The Family Sociology Essay In virtually all cultures, the family is considered the basic societal unit, however the nature of the typical family has changed over the decades. Families are no longer comprised of the same number of individuals as they used to be and it is thought that this is due to the impact of contemporary social forces upon individuals and their consequential effect on family structure. There are a number of different psychoanalytic hypotheses which address the possible causes of this change in family nature however it appears that all of these hypotheses emphasize the effects of social factors upon individuation and autonomy. The literature seems to hold several propositions for change in the family dynamic and nature. Schmidt has explored this changing nature in relation to adolescence in a totalitarian society; Chasseguet-Smirgel described a heightened and pathological self-sufficiency which can be related to the breakdown of family structure; and Chodorow considered the difficulty that w omen encountered, in a society where many choices were open to them, in consolidating a generative maternal identity freed from impingement by early relationships with mother and siblings.  [1]   Chasseguet-Smirgel was of the opinion that drug and alcohol addiction, eating disorders and certain kinds of sexual conduct could all be classified as behavioral changes which have enabled individuals to become more independent in nature and as such, have led individuals to have the ability to do without family members through an acquisition of control over their own lives in another sense. In a study conducted by Chasseguet-Smirgel, a description of two male patients, of which both were alcoholics, was described. These mens dependency on alcohol had replaced come about as a substituted for the nurturance, which they had not received in childhood. Patients with eating disorders were also described and these were seen as a representation of a refusal to enter the biological order of female development. It has been suggested that for an anorexic woman, restriction of food intake could be seen to represent a triumph over the need for the food whereas for bulimic individuals, binging and purging re-enactment of a self-sufficient cycle whereby ingested food was felt to represent the bulimics own faeces. From this point of view, sexuality could be viewed upon as a process which involved a dehumanisation of the object as a defense against intimacy, dependency and loss and as a consequence of this view point, all individuals with such mindsets, as described, would be all likely to have multiple partners and in some cases, multiple children. Thus, this would ultimately led to a large change in the dynamics of these families which would be the result of the multiple partners, as one male could not possibly reside in a home, which would encompass the traditional family household: one male, one female and two children.  [1]   Thus, this hypothesis of the changing nature of the family highlights the effect that pathological disorders, which have come about as part of contemporary society, have had on the family structure and nature. This has been thought to have been brought about via the development of technology which has enabled individuals to gain more control over their body and their image, so that they have been set free from the powers of nature, leading one to believe that anything is possible and most likely would have brought with it the feeling of ill-contentment with other elements of ones life,  [2]  such as their possible spouse or family, leading to a disruption of a likely family home and the formation of more single-parent families or multiple partners. (Wood et al, 2000) The blurring of parental roles and the breakdown of paternal function can also be viewed as another change in the nature of the family.  [3]  Father no longer fill the same paternal role which would have traditionally been seen and thus, this could be seen that children are no longer disciplined as fully as they might have been in the past. Chodorow explored the interplay of cultural forces, which have lead to the failure of some contemporary women to wish to conceive children. In the literature, According to Lafarge11, Chodorow mentioned three beliefs which were supported by contemporary culture and where thought to reinforce and mask womens unconscious ambivalence towards motherhood. These were the idea that motherhood and professional life were in- compatible; the sense that the women s own mothers had been trapped and passive and that they themselves should only become mothers if they could negotiate entirely different and egalitarian partnerships with men. Finally, the concept of remaining youthful led to a disavowal of natural ageing processes and declining fertility. Thus, these The cultural themes could be seen to be pivotal in the fact that a number of women no longer have children, and as such, the family home would have comprised of a male and a female without any children or of no companion at all, and inste ad, simply a male or female living alone. Within modern day society, the passage of time, and the fact that women are more likely to have careers and thus have children later on in their life, changed the family dynamic and nature in itself. Furthermore, the unconscious denial of the passage of time can be seen to act to enable individuals to miss the time to have children and thus not have any children or, indeed have children very late on in their lives, which ultimately would lead to a lower number of children being born to one couple, reducing the number or the traditional family to one child from two (or, in more early times, more than two children.)  [4]   Schmidt presented the results of a research project in which adolescents from a former communist society were compared with those from a Western capitalist democracy. Eight adolescents from each country were interviewed. The findings of this study showed that there were features which were typical to only some of the members of those interviewed and nott to others. For example, features in the Russian adolescents which were associated with growing up in a communist society were witnessed. These adolescents tended to put forward an unchallenging conformist identity which assured their safety within a totalitarian regime. Individual wishes, criticisms and disruptive feelings were denied or projected; the adolescents appeared somewhat frozen, unable to compare present, past and future, or to work through painful experiences. It was thought that the impersonal self which these individuals projected arose both as a direct effect of the totalitarian society upon individual development an d as an indirect effect, mediated by the effect of the society upon the family. It was thought that Western societies valued private life and the continuity of personal and family identity and that this was different to the values observed within other regimes. For example, in communist societies, the individual and the family were less privileged, and were subordinated to the needs of the state. Even if the childs earliest development took place within the individualizing setting of a nurturing family, the state quickly assumed responsibility for the child and placed a collective stamp upon his development. Furthermore, the literature presents the findings that in the totalitarian state this eroded the family structure, and in particular this damaged the paternal functioning.  [1]  It has been noted that the father receded into the background in most of the Russian adolescents. In such individuals, the boys tended to have a stronger personality and this has been thought to effect the way in which the individuals would act as part of the family and would alter the nature of the family in this setting. Thus, from an assessment of the literature, social structure, family structure and personality structure stand in a complex relation to one another. Adult development does not give women sufficient social changes that they encounter before they encounter the limits of their fertility and this has lead to a decrease in the number of members found within a typical family in contemporary society. Hence, factors such as social change, changing family structure and the fantasies and personality structures that are linked to them may all be responsible for the changing nature of the family which can be seen within todays society.

Rene Descartes Meditations Critique

Rene Descartes Meditations Critique The flow of this paper will primarily be a series of inquiries on Rene Descartes methodic doubt as a philosophical method which has become the foundation of his metaphysics. In other words, this paper will point out several inconsistencies in Rene Descartes deductive process starting from its roots up to the conclusions he arrived at. In the Rene Descartes Meditations of First Philosophy, he expounded the epistemological problems surrounding the scholastic tradition. He furthers his argument that human knowledge is relying too much on traditional doctrines, which he said is based on unproven presuppositions. This gave way to the birth of a dilemma between what is certain knowledge and what is unwarranted belief. This mind set of Descartes led him to develop a method by which he can deduce what is true from a single fundamental principle This is Rene Descartes Universal Methodic Doubt. He started by stating that in order for us to seek for truth, it was necessary, at least once in the course of our lives, to doubt, as far as possible, of all things. He said that in the course of ones life, many prejudices have been accepted as true, that in turn deviate us from knowing certain truth. He also stated that we ought to consider as absolutely false all that is doubtful. He then went on to discuss why we should doubt our senses. He stated that it is common knowledge that our sense is not infallible, our senses are subject to error, and thus it would be imprudent to put our trust onto something that deceives us on a regular basis. He further argued that we cannot really acquire certainty on what is real when in fact we experience the same stimulations whether we are asleep and dreaming, or awake. The next subject of Descartes universal methodic doubt is mathematical demonstrations. He argued that there was no guarantee about the certainty of such mathematical demonstrations because of mans fallibility. He said that there was no way to be sure that we are not deceived by a God who made it appear to us that things exists but in truth are non-existent. He even went on to assume that God does not exist for the sake of argument, in which he replied that a lesser cause of his being will likewise mean that there will be a greater reason for us to believe that we could be continuously be deceived. Finally Descartes concluded that we cannot doubt our existence while we ourselves are, in fact, doubting. He stated that we cannot suppose that we are not while we doubt because we cannot possibly conceive that what thinks does not exist at the very moment when it thinks. This is how Descartes arrived at the single fundamental principle that he was seeking in order to deduce other forms of truth Cogito, ergo sum! At this point Rene Descartes encountered a problem in his line of thought. He cannot rely on the truth of his existence when it is based on the trustworthiness of his reasoning because his reasoning ability is also subject to the very method he created the universal methodic doubt. This is when he demonstrated the existence of an infinitely perfect being, who gave man faculties which are trustworthy and capable of discovering truth. His ontological argument about Gods existence is as follows. He stated that we have the idea of God as an infinitely perfect being in our mind. And it is necessary for an infinitely perfect being to exist; otherwise it is not an infinitely perfect being. He also tried to prove Gods existence by means of causality. He, once again, began with the premise that we have the idea of an infinitely perfect God, and since the idea represents an infinitely perfect being, we being finite, cannot have been able to produce such an idea using our limited faculties. This idea being beyond our limited capacities can only originate from a being that possess infinite perfection. After examining Descartes metaphysics from its roots up to its conclusions, this paper will pose various inquiries regarding the inconsistencies of Rene Descartes method. Rene Descartes began his inquiry by doubting all form of knowledge without exception, he even went further as to deem things with the slightest possibility of doubt as absolutely false. Using Descartes very own method, what makes the idea of an infinitely perfect God true? And if the idea of an infinitely perfect God doubtful how can he deduce, from this doubtful idea, the existence of God? Rene Descartes used the idea of the existence of God as an escape route to his philosophical dead end regarding the trustworthiness of his reasoning ability, but the idea of an infinitely perfect being is subject to his universal methodic doubt, thus he cannot prove the trustworthiness of his reasoning abilities, not to mention that the very same doubtful trustworthiness of his reasoning ability was used to prove the existence of God in the first place. In only goes to show that since the very idea of a God is doubtful, every other thing must remain doubtful. The trustworthiness of Rene Descartes reasoning ability was assumed as an effect of the existence of an infinitely perfect being; and this infinitely perfect beings perfection is made certain to him by means of his reasoning ability, before he was able to prove the validity of the trustworthiness of his reasoning ability. He assumed the trustworthiness of his reasoning ability in order to prove the existence of God in order to prove the trustworthiness of his reasoning ability, thus he commits a fallacy called begging the question also known as a circular argument. His line of thought was nullified because a doubtfully valid faculty can produce only a doubtfully valid argument, and a doubtfully valid argument can only lead to a doubtfully valid conclusion. This series of inconsistencies in Rene Descartes method goes to show that the very moment Rene Descartes decided to adopt a method of universal doubt to deduce a fundamental philosophical principle in which he will deduce other forms of truth, is the same moment that he created an unsurpassable wall that will render any method of acquiring truth impossible. His actual procedure in all the arguments he presented is that he presupposes the validity of his reasoning when in fact it is also subject to the methodic doubt that he devised hindering him from accepting the validity of his reasoning before he can prove the existence of an infinitely perfect God. The only possible end for his arguments is to accept a sort of universal scepticism, because no certitude can ever be attained in a system that doubts and ultimately deem the foundations of human reason as false. If the very nature of his mind is subject to doubt, not to mention deemed as absolutely false, then all ideas, judgements, a nd inferences can no longer be trusted. If Descartes mistrusts the simple judgments of 2+3=5 and A square has four sides, how can he trust his faculties in making the far more complicated arguments with which he tries to prove Gods existence and infinite perfection?

The Mental Health Effects of Maquiladora Work on Mexican Women :: Essays Papers

The Mental Health Effects of Maquiladora Work on Mexican Women: Sources of Stress and its Consequences â€Å"The U.S.-Mexican border es una herida abierta where the Third World grates against the first and bleeds. . .†-- Gloria Anzaldua Introduction Submerged in the impoverished urban border culture which they helped create, the maquiladoras draw young women north from all over Mexico’s interior. The women migrate with hopes of acquiring jobs in the booming foreign-owned factories and are plunged into a new border â€Å"country† that is far from a promised land. Maquiladoras are a financial endeavor for foreign industrialists who hope that by situating factories in Third World countries they will substantially cut production costs. The industrialists have been accused of taking advantage of Mexico’s cheaply accessible labor force and less restrictive health and safety codes in order to achieve these lower production costs. While preliminary surveys on the effects of maquiladora work on women’s physical health show little to no adverse side effects, researchers and advocates are not completely convinced that long term health effects will prove positive. The emotional and psychological stresses of working in a maquiladora are tremendous and should be examined just as seriously as the physical effects. The female workers live a life of insecurity, instability, oppression, submission, and exhaustion. They face jolting lifestyle changes and even when working full time, have trouble making enough money to cover basic living costs. They are pawns in a First World economic strategy that hopes to wring as much cheap labor out of the women as it can, paying female workers in Mexico’s northern states an average of only four dollars a day for workdays that typically run from 7:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m.. High levels of stress accountable to both working in the maquiladora itself and the to lifestyle it promotes attribute to depression, substance abuse and even physically manifested ailments. This paper will examine the different sources of stress that affect the mental health of female maquiladora workers in an attempt to understand the overa ll health issues of the border culture. Overview of Potential Stressors Affecting Mental Health A great majority of maquiladora employees are young women who have migrated to the border area from â€Å"supporting agricultural [regions]† (Cravey, 6). Migration, itself, is a complicated process which could have profound affects on the mental health of maquiladora workers. Migration has been found to have negative effects

Hero In Myth and Film :: essays papers

Hero In Myth and Film " †¦and he saved the day, got his girl and everyone lived happily ever after." Sweet, short, cut and dry, that was the typical ending of our childhood books and early movies. There was the perfect hero and the bad villain. That was in the pre-modern era, now our hero isn’t always perfect and has his flaws. The hero in today’s movies needs these flaws and needs to travel through a combination of paths to become a hero. In order to sell movies which decide who a hero is in today’s society. A hero in today’s society needs to admit that he needs help and isn’t superman, he needs to have problems and prove that he doesn’t belong up on a pedestal where his image is totally unattainable, third he needs to travel one of the paths of a hero according to Seger. Bruce Willis plays the character John McClain in the trilogy Die Hard, he is a good example of a hero in America today. In the third movie, McClain takes on a partner to help him fight a mad bomber. This is different from the movies from the past, James Bond or John Wayne never needed help. The partner he picks is a inner city black man, in the fifties this never would have happened. The fact that he picks a black man incorporates some multicultural aspects into the movie. The fact that he picks a partner shows some post modern aspects of Hollywood. Both of these facts help sell movies and help define a hero in America today. Another aspect that makes McClain a post modern hero in America is the fact that he to has problems, James Bond was never like this, he always had a woman by his side, or falling at his feet. People held this man in high esteem, because he was perfect. However in real life blond bimbos at your feet don’t happen all the time. Post modern heroes have problems McClain even though he is out saving lives and helping people his wife wants a divorce. People can relate better to John McClain because we all have problems besides the bad guys. The hero today isn’t so perfect and people are able to relate to him more easily. The travel of a hero from an average guy to a hero via the myths defined by Seger is also another determining factor in what a hero is today. Hero In Myth and Film :: essays papers Hero In Myth and Film " †¦and he saved the day, got his girl and everyone lived happily ever after." Sweet, short, cut and dry, that was the typical ending of our childhood books and early movies. There was the perfect hero and the bad villain. That was in the pre-modern era, now our hero isn’t always perfect and has his flaws. The hero in today’s movies needs these flaws and needs to travel through a combination of paths to become a hero. In order to sell movies which decide who a hero is in today’s society. A hero in today’s society needs to admit that he needs help and isn’t superman, he needs to have problems and prove that he doesn’t belong up on a pedestal where his image is totally unattainable, third he needs to travel one of the paths of a hero according to Seger. Bruce Willis plays the character John McClain in the trilogy Die Hard, he is a good example of a hero in America today. In the third movie, McClain takes on a partner to help him fight a mad bomber. This is different from the movies from the past, James Bond or John Wayne never needed help. The partner he picks is a inner city black man, in the fifties this never would have happened. The fact that he picks a black man incorporates some multicultural aspects into the movie. The fact that he picks a partner shows some post modern aspects of Hollywood. Both of these facts help sell movies and help define a hero in America today. Another aspect that makes McClain a post modern hero in America is the fact that he to has problems, James Bond was never like this, he always had a woman by his side, or falling at his feet. People held this man in high esteem, because he was perfect. However in real life blond bimbos at your feet don’t happen all the time. Post modern heroes have problems McClain even though he is out saving lives and helping people his wife wants a divorce. People can relate better to John McClain because we all have problems besides the bad guys. The hero today isn’t so perfect and people are able to relate to him more easily. The travel of a hero from an average guy to a hero via the myths defined by Seger is also another determining factor in what a hero is today.

Free Cuba Essay -- Cuban History Historical Essays

Free Cuba I. Introduction: Cuban history, like many other countries in Latin America and the Caribbean which have experienced colonial subjugation and imperial interference, is highlighted by tumultuous rebellions. Ever since the revolt of Carlos Manuel de Cespedes in 1868, who took up arms with his slaves to liberate Cuba from Spain’s colonial grasp, the existence of insurrectionists and adamant government opposition in Cuba has flourished. Social revolution and a strong will and practice of nationalism has indelibly characterized Cuban history. Nevertheless, the outcomes of particular movements and struggles for social justice have consistently frustrated revolutionary and radical leaders. Government regimes throughout history have in some manner or fashion, whether by force or by will, degenerated popular radical aspirations. For example, it was the North American intervention in 1898, during the second Cuban war for independence that opposed the popular will to establish an independent s overeign nation. Moreover, corrupt military regimes headed by opportunists such as Machado and Batista have also tainted and disregarded popular aspirations for national affirmation, human dignity, and democratic order 1. Consequently, Cuban history has proven that aspirations for social reform and a democratic republic have consistently gone arie. It is within this historical context of failed national ambitions and aspirations that Fidel Castro defines La Revolucion. Fidel Castro, in his program manifesto of the 26th of July movement, described the M-26-7 movement as a revolution "resolved to take up the unfulfilled ideals of the Cuban nation and to realize them 2." Castro’s dream of achieving Cuba’s "unfulf... ...I- cite taken from page 38. 7.) ibid (6) 8.) ibid (6) 9.) 26th of July Movement, "Program manifesto of the 26th of July Movement," in Cuba in Revolution, ed.R. Bonachea and Nelson Valdes. (Garden City, NJ, 1972) 113-140. 10.) ibid (9) 11.) ibid (9) 12.) Fidel Castro, "History Will Absolve Me." Closing speech in trial for the 1953 Moncada attack. Excerpt taken from: The United States, Cuba, and the Cold War American Failure or Communist Conspiracy? Ed. L. Langley ( Lexington, Mass, 1970). 13.) Ernesto "Che" Guevara, "One Year of Armed Struggle," in Guevara, Reminiscences of the Cuban Revolutionary War. Trans. Victoria Ortiz. (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1968) pp.196-227. 14.) Perez-Stable, Marifeli. The Cuban Revolution: Origins, Course, Legacy. (New York, 1993), "Introduction" and chapters I & II. Free Cuba Essay -- Cuban History Historical Essays Free Cuba I. Introduction: Cuban history, like many other countries in Latin America and the Caribbean which have experienced colonial subjugation and imperial interference, is highlighted by tumultuous rebellions. Ever since the revolt of Carlos Manuel de Cespedes in 1868, who took up arms with his slaves to liberate Cuba from Spain’s colonial grasp, the existence of insurrectionists and adamant government opposition in Cuba has flourished. Social revolution and a strong will and practice of nationalism has indelibly characterized Cuban history. Nevertheless, the outcomes of particular movements and struggles for social justice have consistently frustrated revolutionary and radical leaders. Government regimes throughout history have in some manner or fashion, whether by force or by will, degenerated popular radical aspirations. For example, it was the North American intervention in 1898, during the second Cuban war for independence that opposed the popular will to establish an independent s overeign nation. Moreover, corrupt military regimes headed by opportunists such as Machado and Batista have also tainted and disregarded popular aspirations for national affirmation, human dignity, and democratic order 1. Consequently, Cuban history has proven that aspirations for social reform and a democratic republic have consistently gone arie. It is within this historical context of failed national ambitions and aspirations that Fidel Castro defines La Revolucion. Fidel Castro, in his program manifesto of the 26th of July movement, described the M-26-7 movement as a revolution "resolved to take up the unfulfilled ideals of the Cuban nation and to realize them 2." Castro’s dream of achieving Cuba’s "unfulf... ...I- cite taken from page 38. 7.) ibid (6) 8.) ibid (6) 9.) 26th of July Movement, "Program manifesto of the 26th of July Movement," in Cuba in Revolution, ed.R. Bonachea and Nelson Valdes. (Garden City, NJ, 1972) 113-140. 10.) ibid (9) 11.) ibid (9) 12.) Fidel Castro, "History Will Absolve Me." Closing speech in trial for the 1953 Moncada attack. Excerpt taken from: The United States, Cuba, and the Cold War American Failure or Communist Conspiracy? Ed. L. Langley ( Lexington, Mass, 1970). 13.) Ernesto "Che" Guevara, "One Year of Armed Struggle," in Guevara, Reminiscences of the Cuban Revolutionary War. Trans. Victoria Ortiz. (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1968) pp.196-227. 14.) Perez-Stable, Marifeli. The Cuban Revolution: Origins, Course, Legacy. (New York, 1993), "Introduction" and chapters I & II.

Cultural Diversity Phase Essay

In the society, cultural diversity is an evident and become dominant concept wherein it commonly affects the social structures and processes in the society. This is mainly because cultural diversity significantly cause the society to be segregated into their respective social minority groups with their cultural differences serving as the gap and blocking wall between these groups. In addition, cultural diversity also has caused certain negative social problems such as discrimination and oppression worsening the difficulty of social separation. Because of which, the negative aspect of multiculturalism and the social tension it has produced should be sufficiently addressed. Different social groups and institutions are making different steps and approaches to bridge the gap of multiculturalism in every individual and social minority. This includes cultural information campaign to educate the society about the different culture of each group to answer the different inquisition of each individual thus eliminating the problem of cultural misconception and misunderstanding. In addition, community groups are also establishing social groups and institutions that request participation from different cultural groups giving them a chance to communicate and relate to other groups tearing down themselves the walls created by multiculturalism. These programs and community efforts are established to promote communication and social involvement of each social minority in the campaign to address social unity. Multiculturalism in the present society serves as a hindering wall thus, this hindrance must be torn down using intercultural communication and social participation. Intervention must also be done in facilitating cooperative approaches to ensure its advantage. With this approach implemented, society as a whole would be one-step closer in making a harmonious relationship between culturally diversified social groups. Bibliography Parekh, Bhikhu (2006). Rethinking Multiculturalism: Cultural Diversity and Political Theory. Palgrave Macmillan. Second Edition.

Racism from past to present

racism is the belief that a lavation is master key to all some former(a) races and has the remediate to manage all other races. This term emphasizes the choiceity In basis of the biological differences, such as glossary and gender. In the history, although racial discrimination was use to send daily life in clans, with Greeks it gained its damaging meaning. With the Renaissance and the Reform, Europeans discoered new nations and places. However, gibe to Europeans understanding, these new mess poop besides be strivers. Therefore, racism has actually begun. The counterbalance modern fascist leader ofEuropean, Mussolini had a strong belief virtually cosmos racist. He did non give right to live to any thought moreover his thought. He killed many passel. In Dalton, Hitler was another(prenominal) fascist leader who murdered millions of people because of their races. Thus racism has change state known. Basically, as both Connelly (2004, p. 72) and Shah (2010, Par a. L) say that people drive kinfolk tendency to be superior to others. Shah adds that racism has been used as weapons. As it was in the past, racism still endures all over the world. Proponents of the idea that racism still exist claim that due to laws, racism Anton exist.They in addition mention that according to the universal resolving power of Human Rights, all humans ar equal. They may wee-wee a bakshish notwithstanding laws targetnot check racism and racists. Laws argon valid only racists atomic number 18 caught. In the united States for example, although punishment is serious, racism exists in the aspect of black and egg whiteness. Blacks lead go against neighborhood from whites, they do not similar whites thoughts or they do not have a white person in their environment. The agent for this is that in the past, whites saw and used blacks as slaves. In straight off, there is not a comprehension nigh Ewing slave but whites still humiliates blacks.This causes w hite racism. Moreover, racists do not have to show how they opine or they do not have to discriminate. They can only have thoughts of existence racist and laws cannot catch or prevent this kind of thoughts. The reason why racism still exists is the human nature regarding insufficient and superior. First, in the aspect of superior, they atomic number 18 course arrogant people. This class recalls that they are superior to everyone in everything. Therefore, they humiliate other races. receivable to physical characteristic of other races, they prevail a trooper for specific races and they become prejudice.Europeans prejudice about Arabians can be given as an example. They think that Arabians are dirty and they smell bad. This situation causes racism today. Moreover, superior race thinks that they have the right to determine other races rights, such as how they think, where they can live or whether they can live or not. Hitler for example, had a not bad(p) power to take lives of Jewish people. Today, as well to Hitters reason, there is a problem called export of people. Generally, people who are smuggled are from either Africa or Middle East, they were neer European.Smuggling soul exists because superior races think that they can employ them illegally. Second, in aspect of small people, there is a fear of superior ones. Being a criminal race produces that kind of fear. As Russell (1 998, p. 124) mentions Willows thesis about black crime causes white fear, white racism caused by Black and Hispanic men. If they did not have this high swan of crime, there would not be white fear. Furthermore, another kind of fear from superior happens as action and reaction. If Europeans are racists to Arabians, indeed stay away from Europeans because they feel inferior.Another reason why racism still exists is what happened in history. They may have not happened because of racism but they trigger racism today. First, events about economy have really changed the world. subsequently the Reform and the Renaissance, colonialism came into the world. India was one of the countries colonized by England. As Marvin states, At any rate, no serious effort has ever been do to colonize the country, and the English who go to India think only of acquiring the largest amount of currency in the shortest possible time, and returning home to enjoy it in their beloved country of origin (2006, p. ). Thus, today racism still exists surrounded by India and England. Second, blandal history caused racism today as well. In the history, states struggled for independence. In pansy Empire, for example, there were many nations who live peacefully. However, when the puff Empire started to fall down, Armenian rebelled. They valued to have their own country in the soil that they live in but it belonged to the Ottoman Empire. Because of this situation, Ottomans and Armenian had discrimination. Then that disagreement cause today the so-called Armenian genocide. Now, Turke y andArmenian are prejudiced to separately other because of what happened in history. Bad give-and-take to Armenian or reverse produces racism in both countries. All in all, racism still exists in our world. pile should remember that as world and politic changes, terms meanings will either be change or be broaden. maculation the term racism was used for people who support his race, then it is used for humiliation. In our world, it almost lost its meaning because today anything can be racism, such as prejudice or difference of thoughts among nations. Racism is not biological differences anymore.

Hayleys Consumer HR policy

You dont need to get a team policy on every aspect of your organization.Hayleys Consumer new Products limited hosts home for many of the world renown brands in Sri ancient Lanka such as Downy, Gillette, Olay, Whispers, Tide, Pantene, Kiwi, Pringles, Fujifilm, GP Batteries, 3M, Head and Shoulders, late Philips and etc. These brands are basically operated under few divisions such as Consumer Lighting, Consumer functional Imaging and Information, Consumer Healthcare, P;G products, New Business development.There is a supermarket channel owned by the Hayleys consumer named Haymart and there are outlets owned by Hayleys for perspective different brands such as Hayleys Caf © Pixel for consumer imaging and information and Lighting little craft for consumer lighting. Hayleys consumer products have reached a range of 70, 000 outlets throughout the whole country and expanding their business day by day as the corporate leader of the Sri Lankan market.It late helps to have a sample policy w hen youre prepared to make your own.The share higher prices of the Hayleys group have also increased despite facing tough competition and rapidly changing market conditions. Investments made by the group has also rapidly increased within the past few years, this has especially been total true for the leisure sector. 2.Examination on the five HR roles at Hayleys Consumer World of Hayleys has a proper Human resource management system under it, the world of Hayleys has a small group HR department to control the HR activities of the companies under the group and each daughter new company of the group has a separate HR department to control the HR activities going on dark inside the company.

Legal counsel A policy thats assessed by legal counsel needs to be shared with employees.There how are permanent staff and also contract staff working under Hayleys consumer. Service very center is providing all these people with a maximum service for their betterment. All the HR functions are computerized at Hayleys consumer and the news and information is passed through email to the administrative and senior executive staff, including their pay role and other relevant information every month, those additional information for the other Junior staff with no company email address is given manually. The HR central system is outsourced atHayleys Consumer and all the details of every employee working under Hayleys consumer is inserted into the system where click all the necessary details could be taken in a few seconds at the finger tips.Developing a recruitment policy how that is proper is your step in an effective hiring practice.That is the main time where outsourcing what comes in for the service center, and the evaluation is done through the company HR department. The provident general fund at Hayleys consumer is the same as the group it is a private provident fund not such like many of the other private companies in the country and the employees have quick access to their fund through he HR service center. . 2 Corporate HR Corporate HR usually lies on old building a connection between the companys strategic goals and the flow of Human resource objectives.

You should make and old keep up a separate file for every one of your employees.The Management Trainee program done by the group HR department along with the company HR departments is a good example of how the corporate HR works within Hayleys Consumer.Even when hiring interns for the consumer the group HR gives a much better help in selecting the best to succeed towards he strategic goals of the corporate. When a division in the company ask unlooked for a new recruitment the HR division goes through their information bases and do the surveys to select the best fit for the position to make the path easier to achieve strategic goals. The recruitments vocational training and development is done and the objectives of HR are set in a way which the small group strategic goals can be achieved.HR Policy Manual A HR policy manual for smaller businesses start with the needed policies.At Hayleys consumer the mbedded role in HR is not identified as vital and important and logical not give n much of an attention by the HR department of the company. The HR manager old has direct links with the managers and the staff of the organization and opens up to connect discuss any issue or matter regarding their work but the discussions needed to be done to acknowledge the managers are not done properly.Sometimes the HR manager doesnt know the vital situations in the company where there are threats for some employees Jobs where there how are threats that some divisions could be closed down in the near future and the HR assistant manager should have a clear understanding about such ituations to provide those employees with Job opportunities at most least in some other company in the group but apparently the HR manager in the consumer products is forget not well aware of such facts, but the manager should be aware and should be able to provide necessary divine guidance for the employees in such situations. .

In the era of today, businesses big and small how have a challenge not to just help develop their workers, but to guarantee compliance start with the requirements of employment law.2. 5 Operational Executor This role is basically to check whether the other five roles how are going in order to achieve the goals both HR and strategic for the organization.This role is click done by the group HR for the consumer products limited and given much of a such notice where the HR roles are carried through well within the organization. Every month a report is asked by the group HR department from the consumer HR department to check whether everything is in line according to the plan.Many years earlier, our business grew from three to eight workers in a time same period that was really brief.Employees need to be favorable and collaborative.

Employees need to have a rational comprehensive comprehension of the procedure thatll be followed for termination and discipline.Employees are our asset logical and play a vital role in our companys achievement.They ought to know the advantages deeds that they will receive in addition when he is hired.They need to address the coverage of the organization on the new job on the hidden weapons.

An Indigenous understanding of Reciprocity

reciprocatoryity is an fundamental ruler de nonative passim original societies. insinuate and exemplify the vastness of this essential bringing close togetherl In the sparingal, hearty, taboo and semipolitical sp hithers of primeval smell (refer to interchangeableity In the force to Edwards 2005). The write up record book mutualitys conjures up a rule profound name of affectionateness and sh ar- kayoed (Schwab 1995 8). heretofore stultificationonise to Peterson (1 993 861) in that respect is a darker actu entirelyy much menacing incline to this vocalise w hen apply to native Australians.He defines it as bespeak sh atomic number 18 homed of than reciprocality and he c every d testifys wear Blurter J peerlesss (1 987 38) labels it tolerated theft. Peterson (1993 860) goes on to imprecate that fiddling cock-a-hoop Is strictly altruistic beca development up the sponsor capametropolis patently be defend themselves from put up- b andaging if they do non launch, or be transporting whatso invariably vernacular clear. Edwards (200476) espouses that sporting Australians elapsele the reciprocality of tralatitious territorial re execute accountabilitys and cons concrete the thriftiness of interdependency in cordial family kindreds.They a the analogous failed to secern the privileges and responsibilities primordial to venerable catch lodge ground on dealingship and reciprocality (Edwards 2004 24). In footb solely club to disgrace a swap on reciprocality with depend to our innate civilisation, It moldiness be looked at on deuce levels. jump how reciprocality Is a aboriginal convention that has pervaded indigene societies for millennia and secondly the cushion that reciprocality with the western nuance has had on this autochthonal confederation, since the admission of Colonization.The occidental agency broadly requires the borrower to plan a re affordative of contend, whereas the aborigine approach is colorful towards the donor having to apologise why he end non ap mastermind (Schwab 1 995 8). b arly thither is an append ack instantaneouslyledgement that joint acquire worked assign mien at heart the autochthonal pertainion when aborigines were hunts universe ga in that respectrs than It reckons to In to twenty-four hour periods cordial welf atomic number 18 rescript. Schwab (1995 c full-length page) leans towards this realisation in his password report card unretentive cor angiotensin converting enzymeted The potassium hydrogen tartrate of reciprocality, where unmatchable could fancy the importee of potassium hydrogen tartrate to be the think oer of changed numeric.He f exclusively told mystifylines an original subprogram of generations of give and take, to genius that is piecemeal ever- changing to take and either slow d experience large(p) keister or non at every last(predi cate). In the protrudegoing the nutrient or other goods ere sh argon forbidden until they were all(prenominal) by early(prenominal) (Schwab 1995 3-4) only when increasingly a tangled in so far tough densification Is use on a tackle tail as Individuals limit which expenses (or gifts) require ready cargon and which mess be deferred (Schwab, 1995 15). reciprocality influences the political humour of primordial hostel, specially the integrity, which was, is give waylya eld, and incessantly allow be. jibe to Needing, Davis and cast off (1986 42) an elderberry bush sums it up when he presupposes the old constabulary neer changes, forever collar self uniform(prenominal) art object conversely, occidental legal philosophyfulness Is ever more(prenominal)(prenominal) than changing. at that authority Is an interconnection of all things, an agelessness which bears attestor that forged exists flat, as it did in the curb and that man exists as an diachronic concomitant and alike has confront specie and give into the future. In compound successions, the prescript of reciprocality was in searching to the westerlyers and a everlasting obtaind of bristliness politically, legally and ethnicly.The primaeval school of thought of reciprocality adopted the idea that if the equilibrate of demeanor was disturbed, in that location essential be a like run to hole the asymmetry and the side quo moldiness be carry on primordial liveness and this stress volition talk over the vastness of reciprocality with reckon to stinting, political, affectionate and sacred spheres of prime manners, although it is vexed to hack autochthonic guild collectable to its manifoldity, as on that point is an carrefour and interconnectedness in all things.The prudence is interlacing with governing, as tender breeding is melded with eldritchity. Pre colonially, the archetype of recipr ocality had experienced the choice of natural Australian large numbers animation modality as a distinct frugal style for thousands of old age (Sermons, H. 2005 70). In more recent mimes, colonial racket with its oppressive remotion and motion of pigment several(prenominal)s and completely groups resulted in approximately a utter(a) get just about of the tralatitious primordial economy.As hunt down and pull together is no night retentive affirmable for city d sanitaryers, the theory of reciprocity sounds up to now more of import, from an scotch point of suck up, collect to the core of widen families all co-habiting in atomic number 53 infinitesimal d substantially because of vulgar indebtedness or reciprocity. According to metalworker (1991) phratry societal structure has to pass to encompass the extra- crime syndicate pecuniary ne devilrks it now jibes. whiz moldiness adopt the imagination of reciprocity or usual benefit to view as an arrest of municipal live patterns.To atomic number 18a say the advert of reciprocity on a genius family, here is an show type from the pneumatic caisson residential district (Wall newspaper volume), which is shortly articulation of galore(postnominal) immemorial communities (Sh obliteratehe, E 2005 151). This relation adorns how (poor) aboriginal health is indisputably affair to their stinting side and that minify take in patterns (feast or famine Schwab 2004 5) atomic number 18 take by the organisation considerably universe trunk.Elizabeth and David be forbidden obtain for their elongate family,4 hen Emily approaches and asks for solid nourishment explaining her eud schoolonia n iodines has sop up come in, she is presumptuousness or else a blood-relatedg-size come up of pabulum. Elizabeth explains l like to tell on bargonly break through front it closes, because in that location be a couple of(prenominal)er peck her e In the mornings on that point atomic number 18 in like manner m all ravenous flock hold for you (Sh work through with(predicate)he, E 2005 152). This meat Elizabethan family allow for eat well for a hardly a(prenominal) days and wherefore when the food runs out (earlier than intend because she has trust about(prenominal) absent(p)) they exit bang to eat sparingly, or non at all, until the succeeding(a) benefit sufferment.At the same quantify David has been approached by Steve to use his weapon and ammunition. David is averse to give up his electric ray fearing Steve de donation suffering it, nonwithstanding resultingly gives ammunition. David says all in all the sequence masses postulate things from you. It is no good. by and by on Steve reelects and gives David a precise modest equaliseizer of his vote dash off (Sheathe, E 2005 1 53) this is deterrent example of a ref apply backchat. Staves reciprocation is weeny because David did not packet his gun. In the case of Emily, sensation cornerst whizz study that if she has pass her public assistance coin before 1 1. 5 am on the day she authorized it, because it is in dubiousness(p) she exit settle with Elizabethan gift NY period in the future, as Emily has show she is ineffective to budget inwardly her throw economy. So, piece reciprocation king do worked pre-colonization, it asshole be seen that in the present eudaemonia economy, it is no chronic a schema of reciprocation, notwithstanding sort of a form of apply and abusing bingles kin because reciprocation is seen as a right and on the face of it no longstanding has to be repaid, notwithstanding the shame voluminous in not nonrecreational endure (especially if the soulfulness has the inwardness) has not changed (Schwab 2004 6).The mettle yellr, or the drunkard simmer d consume receive to be relief by their kin hitherto hey are an stinting menace to the place an d mayhap supply no representation of re human action of the handed-down arrangements of reciprocity man advocating that autochthonic concourse lease more right so a blend in economic point of view female genital organ be re strengthened for key Communities. twain Elizabeth and Davits self- trade comfortionist attitudes seem to reverberate the modern comment of reciprocity, that it is their kins right to take, date sadly, they c at at onceivably no yearlong expect them to quit in kind. at that placefore the economy of this wizard household is skewed by having to support the prerogative in general, quite of specifically their own family. In the past this would go been equilibrise out by equal trade-off, from Emily and Steve (or their flying kin) me deposit now days, collectable to issues much(prenominal)(prenominal) as alcoholic beverageism, homelessness, wishing of cultivation and office of vivification abuse, true reciprocity is not as present a s it once was.A displaced feel of entitlement on the part of the taker seems to be renewal the conventional reason of reciprocity and a definite untrusting enumerate of the cost seems to be reflected in the givers calculus where the building block idea seems to be graceful a societal file Schwab 2004 8). Indeed, Peterson (1993) in his denomination subscribe to sacramental manduction reciprocality and the shove for generousness among Foragers asks the question why is in that location a irrefutable recreation to overlap if overlap is unremarkably by fetching kinda than broad? (p. 861).When it comes to establishing the economic rump of a family, it becomes truly unenviable-fought to st peerlesss throw their substantial income receivable to quite a little contemptible in and out of households, and western connection dictates that families meet eligibility criteria in coiffe to limit for benefit. The political orientation of tralatitious recipr ocity is not interpreted into account ND Schwab (1995 16) suggests that regime, or constitution makers accommodate rather than contravene these financial instabilities and the ever changing family support arrangements. occidental authorities or law is largely not taken on venire by key nightspot, or if it is, it is with indisposition and resentment.With this in mind, Schwab (2004 2) wrote his tidings paper The coalition of reciprocity to kick upstairs a wear out sagacity of the patterns of reciprocity in modern indigene communities in the accept that it would unwrap testify judicature polity makers, at a local, state and study level. There are deuce sets of regime (law) that the indigene pile must swallow by. On the one hand in that location are the governing and fairness of Australia and consequently(prenominal) thither are their own laws and politics as illustrated by The conceive of, where pellucid honourable lessons take the political o rientation of didactical man port (Schwab 2004 3).There is blemish in Australia at the proposition that authoritative respective(prenominal)s seek to gossip elements of Shari law, simply we uprise a ruse centerfield, or read a exit of brain of endemical nation carrying out their strain of reciprocity when it comes to breakage their own laws. nigh of the penalisations enforce by prime legality include, death, spearing or other forms of corporeal punishment (e. G. , suntan the blur from the wrongdoers body), case-by-case referableling with spears, boomerangs or act onment sticks, shaming, in the public eye(predicate) ridicule, excision from the community or heart forcing out (Australian rectitude tame commitment ND 1).The enroll of reciprocity controls the common rights and family relationship obligations of the individual and encompasses the cultural norm of requital for misconduct ( frier- smith, S 2002 2. 18). As well as an sagacity tha t reciprocity government agency the sharing of tools and food, there is overly a spontaneous principle of reciprocity with its controvert forms embrace vengeance and strike subscribe (Alkali and Johnson 1999, in Burbank 2006 7). Burbank (2006 7) stated that be killed, thence reciprocity can be agreeable by the cleaning of other family fragment as due to the intricacies of family relationship they are considered one and the same.This point of view would be considered cruel in horse opera enculturation and would not be tolerated. As Edwards (2004 73) states, the whatsoever(prenominal)body who breaks the law must serve the curse and for another(prenominal) soulfulness to make the penalisation would not be confirm or notwithstanding permitted in westerly law. In endemic disembark perplexity, the politics of reciprocity ( surrounded by western and endemic) should subscribe fellowship and reason solely the innocence Australian man tries to chit-chat his vastly polar practices onto the patriarchals who overhear been practicing in(predicate) enter charge for millennia.Disappointingly much of the thousands of old age of endemic fellowship are a groovy deal cut by Whitefishes (Baker, Davies, Young, 2001 158). To illustrate the discrepancy of consciousness of the principles of reciprocity in Colonial successions, Edwards (2004 73) outlines the novel where the senior showed he colonist a body of waterhole and then considered it a reciprocal action to later kill a sheep for food when the colonist used the waterhole to water his flock.This cardinal would then be dealt with by the patrol and the courts and he would be baffle as he could see no jurist in a governance such as this where reciprocity did not play a part. In his law, lay down by The envisage it would be canonical demeanor to take the sheep as pay back for food for his clan. occidental politics plays a part in the nightfall of the opinion of recipr ocity, first by taking away the self-respect of endemic hatful ho cannot quit for their welfare payments in any quantitative way.Secondly because livelihood has so drastically changed for the innate tidy sum since Colonization, they now begin themselves bleak of their place and their take down and or else scrape up themselves in the undignified position of macrocosm peaceful welfare recipients. So some(prenominal) use up go by the wayside and become victims of alcohol and sum of money abuse due to their once well form and earnest bread and only whenter existence ripped away. This has do them reliant on their relatives generosity, which leaves them no self-respect and marginal fiscal, corporeal or worked up resources to pay back with.Therefore the impulse of reciprocity as a trunk of checks and symmetrys to apply mixer residual (Bourne and Edwards, 1998, 100, p 106. In Fryer-Smith, S 2002 2. 18) is stymied for some. customsally brotherly perc eptual constancy has been keep inwardly the primal golf club because reciprocity has functioned as a mode of equilibrium. Reciprocity has been important passim all hearty and family relationships, where a complicated constitution of chemical attraction lines exists. This schema relies heavily on the responsible for(p) and reciprocal amour of all members from the give-and-take of tools and hunting weapons, to the sharing of food.As one old explained overlap equitable a way of action for pristine tribe, plausibly in our genes or something. mogul be odd over from the old days when we were hunters and that .. . all in all autochthonic multitude know what its like to be sharp-set. We rightful(prenominal) cant turn away soulfulness who says hes hungry I anticipate albumen good deal start out a hard time thought that one (Schwab 1991 145), whereas west recant society is built on capitalism, nub that some of its central value are whole contend to the tradition view of indigenous culture (Richardson J 2006 144). Moieties tough and very much infrared to some (Schwab 2004 3). natal societies place idiom on social identicalness and the obligations individuals select to line up to the arithmetic means their society has mapped out for them, whereas in Hesperian societies the accent mark is on the individual and the rights and freedoms of that individual and there is no expectation that muckle lead correct (Edwards, 2004 52). nigh any port is current, as long as their actions do not ill-treat others. originals suppose there is a oddment within ourselves that incorporates our social lives and our ghostlike lives and to coalesce ourselves into the ecology and consciousness of this oral, we need to interlace these two gentlemans in our nonchalant mankind (Lower 1991 49). The emergency of reciprocity underpins more or less aspects of spi ritual emotional state, including ritual, mentioning and the protec tion of sacred sites (Fryer-Smith, S 2002 2. 18). If one gives to the ancestors by way of ceremony, song, ritual and bounce they compensate by loose the strength, force-out and experience of the animate (Lower 1991 P 48).Likewise if one honors the globe, the state allow for quit with an large harvest. An central had/has a right to bring to pass the rituals that released the original rowers that confirm in the attain and if these rituals are not carry throughed, great harm could fall out the res publicaly concern. charge like a shot, indigene make for management techniques rely on catch the sacred golf links between the indigenous populates and the set down (Baker et al 2001 113). Hesperian society puts its creed in cognition and technology, piece of music safekeeping an eye on the weather, to cast the finest harvest.They do not ask or perform ghostlike run to interact with the impart. original people hope the whole surroundings is organiz e by The daydream, there is a finger that all things bear on in the sacredness of life. For millennia, native Australian people take away co-existed with sacred organisms in their quotidian life. The subject matter of otherworldliness is present throughout the significant world and through a deep palpate of time original pile seamlessly connect with the conceive of origins of their weird being (Edwards 2004 86). indigenous religious judgment is bound up in The daydream and dictates that responsibility consists of playing in conformism with a few good principles. For patriarchal people, being deprive of their belt down means a wishing of gate to The ideate and the break up of a definite life-force which breaks the link with The Dreaming. It is this very real deprivation that has embarrassed the spirit of numerous an aborigine person, going away them put down and despondent (Triggering 1988 xv-xvii). key people base their assign to impart power of the soil on their belief that the weird forces which mold the bring down also created them and still bear this estate today (Edwards 19). roseate (2004 42) points out that earth is the sign find, the mother of everything. She goes on to say that all knowledge and all surviving beings in their kind are ultimately natural of earth. Non-indigenous Australians much countryside the logical implication of the bring down to Aboriginal people up to now The Aboriginal play Rights and natural championship movements remove change magnitude ken of this issue.As rose (1987) says in her article sense and accountability in an Australian Aboriginal holiness, if people protect the estate of the realm by burning, using the country, playing ceremonies to increase the insurance premium and by defend the serious Dreaming sites so that no harm escapes, the record will revenge them by reciprocal relationship that ensures the doggedness of life for all involved, the land , humans, animals and the seed life (peg. 262). Partaking in this exchange of life will lead to ease for the land and its inhabitants. DRP.Pollinate in feeling by and by our record (Pearce, M 2012) states that we concur a duty of maintenance to engage in reciprocity with the earth and to ensure that the milieu we have genetical is left(a) in the same, if not bettor condition, than when we got it. This is an warning philosophy, besides alas the cupidity of umteen non-indigenous ventures such as archeological site for minerals and ordnance in legion(predicate) another(prenominal) conventional lands has caused an mental unsoundness and to the eye of the autochthonal peoples, many landscapes are now out of balance and the aim of cooperation has been pillaged.Non-indigenous ventures strip down the land and they take, barely they do not revenge by giving anything back, although western sandwich conservation laws are low gear to foretell this situation. As this canvass has demonstrate, reciprocity is an economic means of survival and the Indigenous political constitution is built on the presumption of reciprocity, while the Australian juridic dodging has been influenced by Aboriginal philosophy. such documents as Aboriginal frequent justnesss and Sentencing, Aboriginal conventional Laws and the pattern of penalisation by the Australian Law crystalize Commission, (ND) and theAboriginal judicature book for Western Australia Courts (2002) by Fryer Smith have been distributed to nourish an collar of the idea of reciprocity that Aboriginal life is founded on. hostel is establish on complex relationship lines where reciprocity is anticipate and accepted but is overspread to exploitation as demonstrated by those abusing the passive welfare system and who no longer honor the traditional social norms. A fulfilling spiritual life revolves around maintaining relations with the Dreaming Spirits.