The Immediate Constituent Analysis In Linguistics English Language Essay

The Immediate Constituent Analysis In Linguistics slope Language EssayAlso called IC Analysis,in linguistics, a system of grammatic synopsis that splits blames into successive layers, or roles, until, in the final layer, severally part consists of only a word or meaningful part of a word. (A constituent is any word or construction that enters into some larger construction.) In the sentence The old public ran away, the first division into flying constituents would be between the old domain and ran away. The immediate constituents of the old man are the and old man. At the succeeding(a) direct old man is divided into old and man. In grammatical study we are concerned with morphemes and their arrangements nevertheless non save in an ancillary way with the phonemic shapes which represent morphemes.Cinsequently in the present sections we shall ordinarily cite examples in their tralatitious orthography provided the language in interrogative mood had one and that it involv es only the Latin alplhabet.Claddical Grecian and Chinese examples are abandoned in well established transliteproportionns or romanixastions. Genuine phonemic notational system will be un utilise only when advisable for some peculiar(prenominal) redone or for languages like monomania ethic behave no traditionalistic orthography.Most modern textbooks of linguistics attach great importance to that is called immediate constituent abridgment. The term immediate constituent analysis was introduced by Bloomfield as follows any English speaking person who concerns himself with this matter is sure to report us that the immediate constituents of myopic arse ran away t here the ii forms unworthy john and ran away that each of these is in turn a complex form that the immediate constituents of ran away are ran and away and that the constituents of pathetic john are poor and john. We provide easily capture through with(predicate) going the devoted below example.The dog killed the poor catIn this sentence the noun phrases are addicted but we can easily divide and then make an understand to analysts in immediate constituent that is alike one of the important one in linguistic. so there is an manifest parallelism between immediate constituent analysis and the traditional process of parsing sentences into subject and predicate and each of these where appropriate into terminology phrases and clauses jof various types. Bloomfields sentence phrases made up of the now john modified by the procedural poor and whose predicate is a verb phrase consisting of the Vern ran modifies by the adverb away. Underlying dickens approaches to grammatical analysis is the wad that sentences are not just bi additive taking overs of elements but are made up of layers of immediate constituents watch frown level constituent macrocosm part of a higher level constituents can be represented graphically in a round of ways we may use brackets or we may construct a tree diagram. These two methods of representation are equivalent. The symbols are employed here merely for convenience jof reference to the diagram the tree diagram given above is to be interpreted as follies the ultimate constituents jof the sentence the elements come out of which the sentence is constructed are poor jog ran and away the run-in poor and gone are the immediate constituents of one construction poor john so the branches leading to them derive directly from one node the words ran and away are the immediate constituents of an new(prenominal) contraction being related to through the names highway node common to them both and the two constructions poor john and ran away are the immediate constituents of the highest level concentration the sentence itself so they b9oth derive directly from the node it will be observed that n any in the reprewntation of the constituent organize jof the sentence by mend of betray chest nor in the tree diagram have we in corporate the information tha t poor is an adjectival a that poor john is an noun phrase or of the notion of ,codification in these respects jour analysis jof the sentences into its constituents differs from ad so far is poorer than the analysis that would be given in terms of the categorizes of traditional grammar. One can distinguish three periods of reading in the the airy of constituent structure. L Bloomfield himself did little mortem than introduce the nn9otion ad explain it by means of examples he spoke of a suitable analysis of the sentence into constituents as one which takes accent jof the meanings. his followers notably wells and harries formulated the principles of constituent anal7sis inn greater detail an replaced Bloomfields somewhere vchills and fever reference to taking account of the meanings with explicitly distributional criteria. lastly in the last fewer years the theory loft constituent structure has been formalized and subjected to mathematical study by Chomsky land hint her scholar wh o have given considerable attention to the nature jof the rules requluired to start sentences dwoth the appropriate constituent structure.There are five kinds of analysis in immediate constituents as follows1. Hierarchical Structure2. Ambiguity3. Markers4. Discintious IC5. simultaneous ICIn the immediate constituent structure five of them given above are seminal things in linguistic so, it is very gruelling to analysis of these things without making diagrams so lets to analysis of these things without having an analysis of morphemes as grouping things together in the fight way an semblance who is very acuate to make a new kind of solution is so complicate. In our treatment of the general principles of formal grammar in immediate constituents we deliberately follow the view that all sentences had a simple linear structure that both sentence of the language could be satisFacvtyorilyu described from the grammatical point jof view as a string loft constituents As a con illustra tion of what is meant by the term string which is the technical term used in mathematical treatments of the grammatical structure of language few may consider thane following instances.1. Hierarchical structureThe manly on the highway is inclined to identify language with words and to think that to study words is to stuufyul language this view l incorporates two errors. we obviate lone when we adopt that morphemes kind of than words are unimportant the other error is push down subtle the notion often unstated that we need only get wind words as isolated units longer utterances being simply mechanic combinations jof at the smaller units. If lathes were the case then all we would have to unwrap kin studying a foreign language fowls be the someone ljmorphemes and their meanings. the meaning jof any whole utterance wools be immediately diaphanous jonn the basis of the meanings of the ultimate constituents .Anyone who has lacteally studied a foreign language knows that this is not true. for a striking example loft the falsity loft they supposal we turn to Chinese which is better than French or German saccade Spanish jfodrkl this purpose because it differs more drastically from English to any other languages.As leis evidently some of these English morphemes have meanings which are not easy to describe precisely in English one meets corresponding trouble in trying rot describe the meanings of some English morphemes inennglishj on general the meanings of morphemes in any one language prepossess any other language. A careful scrutiny of the meanings of the seventeen constituent morphemes of the sentence can at best yield some ague notion of what the whole sentence is about. The meaning of the whole sentence happens be this kind of the matters carries by what he hears. BY virtue of this advance orientation thane active speaker hears the cadence not as a linear string go morphemes but as it were in depth automatically grouping things together in the rightly lay. An analogy list in pitch. when we kook at the middle assemblage of line segments Jon a either jay on a flat surface the depth that we perceive lies in us not in the figulure.yet our experience in visa light is such that it ills hard to see as a complicated woodworking plane figure rather than I three dimensions the depth which tulle native speakers combination is common and that it carries the rather special partly unpredictable meaning believably likewise have automatically groups together as in conjure but in a more complicated way if few are to ask that meads he would be pzzled for does not mean anything lhe would probably be unaware that he had heard this crabby morpheme sequence inn the sentence and the speaker of the sentence weld barely realize that he had said it. All the above is applicable in like manner to fenglish or any other language a meaningless sequence of morphemes like a man are can easily fill up found in normal speech. It occurs in the dog has kil led the poor cat.2. MakersWe moldiness account for the slanting lines appearing in some of the diagrams. For example, the diagram indicates that the Ics of are the two words in a larger form without being a constituent jof it. Of course a different interpret ratio would be possible but the one we have chosen indicates that and rather than being Joni of the ics of what we may call a structural marker fluctuate signal. some morphemes that is serve leno directly nas carriers of meaning but only as markers of the styrctural relationshjops between other forms.ad attach the fact that something before it ad something subsequently it large the Ics larger grammatical form and ad also marks that a larger form as being of a certain(prenominal) type we would choose a similar interpltretration for the markers.3. AmbiguityIt is possible for a single sequence of segmental morphemes to have two alternative graded organizations unusually with a difference do meaning sometimes but in the sentenc e he was dancing jw3oth the stout major person. We cannot rank whether the mans dancing partner is stout or not. the ambiguity jof its Ic structure is shown in the expression and such ambiguities remind us again jof the analogy with value perception.4. Discontinuous IcOur examples so far have had some other property which is common but not nn9oversal forms which belong together as Ic of a larger form have been next to each other in linear sequence .Discontinues constituents are ninety at all uncoil for example in the English sentence the ghost her is the discontinuous sequence. But constituents are not at all rarefied framing easy built is parenthesized lotto indicate that it is knot genuinely spoken there we laved lithe duplication but place a heavy line below the entry and mark with a dotted arrow the section between.5. Simltaneosly IcAn intonation morpheme is probably always to be interpreted as one ic of the macro segment which includes the sleep of the macro segment no m atter how complex constituting the other. In order to show this diagrammatically we have to introduce another special device, illustrated in their positions of the pills and tic correctly since any alternation in their position mighty yield a different sentence.In grammatical ambiguity we can divide as follows that is also seminal thing in immediate constituent analysisA) They can fish.B) Beautiful girls dress.C) Some more convincing evidence.Conclusion tralatitious grammar is a family of linguistic theories represented in the grammars written before the sexual climax of scientific linguistics. I use the expression family of theories rather than the word theory, since traditional grammar is not a single, unchanging conceptual object. I assume, however, that it has certain more or less stable defining features. For convenience, I take many of my examples from the Latin grammar of Allen and Greenbush (1931) and the Greek grammar of H. W. Smyth (1916), since both these works are stil l in print and can be consulted by interested readers.

Emotional Overwhelm in Relationships

frantic Overwhelm in RelationshipsSAN0088 Confronting Overwhelm as a CoupleIn your life with your henchman or partner, you go forth experience problems ranging from daily difficulties to major challenges. Though job- or family-related issues are normal, at that place is no question that they end flood you or your spouse/partner, modify your horny health and alliances. This is why much(prenominal) matters can be considered issues for a couple to confront and resolve together.The support of a spouse or partner is very powerful to stay unattackable in the typeface of an emotional crisis. If you and your spouse arent getting support from each other, it can demote your kinship. Challenges are inevitable, but in that respect are ways to recognize and eliminate them so that your health and relationships dont have to suffer. Finding a way to maunder is important. If you have difficulty talking without thinneding each other, consider counseling.Emotional Overwhelm What Is It?Emotional everywherewhelm or flooding is something that you or your spouse/partner may feel when you are swamped by too many another(prenominal) events going on at wizard cartridge clip. Though negative changes and situations are likely to take off the surging of catch up with, it isnt unusual for positive life events to trigger it as well. If there is virtuoso person whom you expect to be there for you at this time, it would be your partner.Unfortunately, emotional kindle can hijack your (or your spouses or partners) brain, so that you cant seem to recognize what is reasonable or super acid sense. According to In Focus, Any person who is engaged in and experiencing emotional flooding cannot hear without distortion or respond with clarity in a dispassionate way. The brain gets too wrapped up in intense emotions that distort your perceptions, so you can hardly organize your thoughts or respond to life situations with clarity, logic, and decisiveness.Are You/Your Spouse Exp eriencing Overwhelm? Emotional overwhelm can make you feel irritable, anxious, helpless, and hopeless. These feelings can make you behave in such a way that others find you difficult to relate/interact with. If the symptoms are severe, it may even hinder your functionality. If you or your spouse/partner is overwhelmed, you should stay on top of the situation.What are the symptoms of emotional overwhelm? asunder from noticeable irritability, crying, and lashing out without justifiable reason, other signs include depressive and dread symptoms, such as extreme sadness, constant anger, and excessive worry over things that arent that important. In serious cases, overwhelm can persist for months and affect you or your partners functioning.What Overwhelm Can Do to Your Marriage/RelationshipOverwhelm can happen to you. It can happen to your spouse or partner. It can in any case happen to your marriage or relationship. When it does happen, you may have difficulty organizing your thoughts, feelings, and responses, and ply to fall back on primitive reactions, which can be to stop, to escape, or to strike back. In other words, you may just react without cerebration or relating the different interconnected issues.If you experience these symptoms and dont understand whats going on, face-off your needs can be extremely challenging. If the other spouse thinks that the overwhelmed angiotensin-converting enzyme is just overreacting, it can breed misunderstanding and conflict. With this line of thinking, the unaffected one isnt likely to be supportive, while the affected one suffers without support.Finding the commensuratenessNobody is immune from getting overwhelmed when too many changes and challenges pour into your life. If one spouse feels swamped, the other spouse/partner can be overwhelmed too. When this happens, both(prenominal) of you can become oversensitive and hyper-aroused to fight. Everything can be easily misconstrued as an insult, a grievance, or an oppos ition-then conflict ensues.Overwhelm can take your relationship to a dangerous point if you fail to recognize the signs. To avoid such a catastrophic shift in your relationship, dont just rely on personal effort to fix matters between you. At a time like this, you need to balance your life with the assistance of a able counselor.Breaking Overwhelm with CounselingWhen you are overwhelmed, you can get caught in a cycle of scorn and criticism, distressing thoughts and confusing feelings, defensiveness, and the desire to hurt or bottle everything up. It can harm your self-control, empathy, and emotional self-awareness. To survive overwhelm and avoid burnout and eventual meltdown, couples need to be able to establish strong emotional connection with each other and listen to each others heart. rebuild and reinforcing your emotional connection is possible with the help of an independently contracted counselor with Carolina Counseling Services in Sanford, NC.Dont wait for emotional overwh elm to undermine your marriage. Dont sit back and watch as your most valued relationship takes a plunge into the abyss of marital issues or divorce. If you want overwhelm to end, you have to act now. Meet overwhelm head-on as a couple-call Carolina Counseling Services in Sanford, NC.

Managing Human Capital Collective Bargaining External Factors

Managing Human Capital incorporated Bar come toing outdoor(a) FactorsIntroduction-HRM is genuinely(prenominal)(prenominal) weighty for e truly ecesis. The function of HRM is to cover the several(prenominal) elements deal inside and outside of the musical arrangement. The HR managers truly c arfully make up attention on the external environs, because external environment as tumesce up significantly c at a timern up the merciful election intrusts, planning and polices, due to this modestness pieces race pick managers atomic number 18 busy for scan and analysing the external environment, subsequently analysing and scanning the external environment chemical elements the aim of humane resource managers be to symmetricalness these external factors genuinely efficiently with the intrinsic factors to deliver the safes the goals of the musical arrangement.Definition-The HRM involves in four different functions lead, organize, plan and control, such kin ds of function may come upon the business environment internally and externally. The main external environmental factors which move the business atomic number 18 economical, scientific, semipolitical and sociological (Montana charnov, 2000)Technological-Technology is ane of the most dramatic external environmental factor. It converts very quickly. If market assortments it long the way keep the brass position in flexible and keep an eye on advanced engine room or intensify in applied science for the giving medication objective. (Karger, 1991)Technology is the external factors. This factor in either case affect the human resource practices, planning and policy, because in this modern age without applied science the organization can non win its strategicalal goals. In order to develop revolutionary products to remain in the war-ridden, technology is very financial aidful by using the technology the HRM and organization can store the unlimited data.Role of HRM in Technological-The human resource managers play very vital graphic symbol for the applianceation of the technology in an organization. The implementation of technology means change in an organization as proceedsously as polices. They call the meeting of the employees and ascertain them some the technology as swell as human resource managers withal provide look ating to the employees about the technology which they implement in an organization. The fortunate HRM in an organization identify and interest carry out when the change in technology. The very intrinsic role of HRM when change in technology they to a fault help to the cable length manager and trust the proper upriseing to the line managers regarding the spic-and-span technology as well as they also tell that how the line manager leave train the new employees and also envision that new employees have right technological skills. semipolitical Factor-Political/ regimenal factors atomic number 18 also extern al factors. These factors change when the Government change. The political factors atomic number 18 like trade regulation, minimum lock, tax policies and so on The HRM is springtime to blow up this external environment factor.Role of HRM in Political/Government Legislation-The major role of HRM when all change in political factors, they adopt the political factors and must follow the political factor as in a higher protrude we discussed the some political factors like minimum wage, new ordinance etc. The essential role of HRM in every organization in UK that they argon bound to give minimum wage to their employees as well as implement the new legislation which the Government settled as well as HRM must follow the laws, rules and regulation when they be recruiting or considerationinating the employees. The managers also predict that what are the major political changes are culmination in the countries, because any change come in this external environment factors it also disturb the human resource manager planning and polices. The political factor is also called the Government Issue/legislation.Economic Factor-The star of the most chief(prenominal) external environment factors is economic factor. This factor affect very effectively to the country as well as the organization, in general this factor takes interest rate, inflation and unemployment. The organization cannot control such kinds of factors.Role of HRM change in Economic Factor-The main role of HRM when any change comes in economy they take action as soon as possible if the economic factors is not comfortably for the organization the human resource manager take the step of vote outsizing in supply as well as stop the new enlisting for manage the organization financial stability and stabilize the organization in the economic crisis. When the economic condition of the organization is cracking the role of human resource managers is totally different they recruit the lag train the staf f for achieving the strategic goals of the organization.Socio-Cultural Factor-The socio-cultural is an external environmental factor. In general environment this is very vital element. The socio-cultural includes social classes, reference groups, expression, population, lifestyle, pressure groups, the higher up menti singled elements at at a time affect the organization.Role of HRM change in Socio-cultural Factor-Human resource managers must change their actions tally to the desire of the society in which they prune with the change of social and customs values and the change in savoring human managers need to adopt change as well, for instance the HRM provides good pass awaying environment, flexible realizeing hours and children care facility to their employees.Examples of External Factors-pizza Hut-Technology is very important for every organization when any change come in technology the role of every human resource manager is same like the role of pizza pie field hut hu man resource manager. When change in technology the role of Pizza hut HRM was they put the organization in to flexible position and take the new computer technology and they trained their staff according to the new computer technology, like online ordering, mobile portable card machines. This was the external change which the Pizza hut HRM employ. (Interview)Iris Trading come with-When the economy of Pakistan went down the organization economy of Pakistan also went down the iris trading fellowship human resource manager took the step of downsizing to save the organization they stopped the new recruitment and cut off the employees to give them the cluster sum amount or golden hand shake onwards the retirement of the age. (Personal Experience)Tesco-The British Government introduced the legislation that no fraternity exit sell the cigarette to underage. Role of Tesco human resource management they implemented this law in to the organization as well as train their staff accordin g to this Government legislation and Tesco HRM also pay to their employee above the minimum pay per hour which the British Government has settled. (Interview)Primark-When any change comes in socio-cultural the role of Primark HR is they judge the people attitudes their civilisation, life style, language and area then recruit the staff regarding the people life style, culture and language in the particular area, which is very beneficial for the customers as well as to the organization to attract the customers. (Interview)Benefits of External Environmental Factors-As the above intervention there are four external environmental factors which in particular influence in every organization as well as their HR segment. These four factors are economic, technological, socio-cultural and political. The main advantage of latest technology is HR can slow perform their functions very efficiently, with the help of technology the HR can reduce the toll of employee and provide better conduce to the organization. If any change comes in economy factor it is also very good for HR the main advantage of economy factor is HR can recruit the staff to achieve the strategic goals of the organization which are very beneficial for the organization as well as if any change also occur in political and socio-cultural this change also give advantages to the human resource managers. if any change in socio-cultural it good for HR to understand the people thinking their life style and the reputation of people with the help of this HR may recruit the staff according to the socio-cultural environment which is good for the organization as well as any change in political give advantage to the HR easily implement the Government polices without any confliction in the midst of the HR and the employees. (Robert L. Mathis, 2007)Drawback of External Factors- each factor has advantage and disadvantage if any change comes in technological factors it is very difficult for HR to replace the old tec hnology with new once, because this thing affect the HR polices and planning as well as HR managers are addict to use the old technology when they adopt the new technology they leave spend more(prenominal) money on technology as well as the staff training which is not good for the organization, same as if change in economy factor then there is also a big cons for HR they will recruit the staff spend money on the training of staff as well as to cut off the staff two condition are unfavourable for the HR planning. The major disadvantage for HRM is when change in political change in this change HRM bound to implement this change within the organization. This external environmental badly affect he HR polices and planning. (Robert L. Mathis, 2007)HRM Practices to Gain the sustainable Competitive Advantage-Definition- Sustainable competitive advantage is the unique position that an organization develops in copulation to competitors that allows it to outperform them consistently (Hofer and Schendel, 1978)HRM Practices-Many organizations use their HR to prepare the sustainable competitive advantage, because HR plays very vital role in the hiring of staff.HR practices, theoretically, have little potential for being a source of free burning competitive avantage (Wright et al, 1994)Pfeffer in 1994 has described 16 HR practices that HRM may gain the sustainable competitive advantage through employees as well. still we are discussing 5 more effective practices of HRM for gaining the interminably competitive advantage which are given below.Team speculate redesignStaffing, Including recruitmentAppraising/ cognitive processIncentive comport readiness and DevelopmentEmployment Security company and EmpowermentLong Term PerspectiveEmployee Owner move absorb CompressionMeasurement of PracticesCross Training Cross Utilization promotionOverarching PhilosophySymbolic EgalitarianismInformation SharingTeam furrow redesign The role of HR in any organization is very importa nt to achieve the sustainable competitive advantage as well as to achieve the strategic goals of the organization. The HR departments of big organizations make the police squad and give them the task regarding the strategic planning of the organization as well as HR is also design the job for the team. The team work in any organization is very helpful to gain the sustainable competitive advantage.Apple-Apple is a company deal in electronic like IPHONE, IPAD, and APPLE MAC etc. The HR department of orchard orchard apple tree tree is very helpful for the winner of apple products, because the HR of apple keep the people in to teams and design the jobs for them round about 10 thousand peoples are working(a) on apple applications, due to this cerebrate no one can steal or copy the apple applications as well as day by day apple is introducing new products in the market which are such a great as well as apple is gaining with the help of this hr practice sustainable competitive advanta ge.Staffing, Including Recruitment The one more important HR practices to gain the continuously competitive advantage is staffing, including recruitment, because very important summation for the organization and HR is staff. HR practices include to motivate the staff prompt staff means more productiveness for the organization. If the organization needs more staff the HR recruit the excellent and efficient staff train the staff regarding the job and design the job and also motivate new staff, however productive staff is very helpful to gain the sustainable competitive advantage.2) Toyota- correspond to M. Reza Vaghefi Toyota is achieving the sustainable competitive advantage with the help of human resource, because they told that human resource recruit very competitive staff and give them proper training according to the company desires so M. Reza also include Toyota employees are very productive and motivated, due to this dry land Toyota today Toyota is gaining continuously compe titive advantage in the market. (sysdoc.doors.ch/TOYOTA)Appraising/Performance HR practices eer have link with the strategic of the organization. This HR practice is very essential to check the proceeding of the full-page organization employees, because if the mangers as well as the employees performance are good then the organization is able to achieve the sustainable competitive advantage, however HR use the method of judge to check the performance of unmarried employees. Now a days umpteen organizations check the performances of their employees through 360 degree appraising method. To gain the continuously competitive advantage this appraising/performance HR practice very important for any organization.Primark-The HRM of Primark checks the performance of their employees through 360 degree appraising method once in a class. This HR practice is very beneficial for the company because day by day Primark getting more and more remuneration as well as Primark has been nominated two time retail merchant of the Year Award at the World Retail Awards in 2008 and 2009. So we can say that appraising is very important practice of HR to achieve the sustainable competitive advantage. (Interview)Sainsburys-Sainsburys deals in all kind of food, HR of Sainsburys use the 360 degree appraising method to check the performance of the employees. The sustainable competitive advantage is also depending on the performance of the employees. (Interview)Incentive Pay Incentive pay also includes the HR practice this practice is very essential to motivate the staff, because motivated staff is a key of success as well as to achieve the sustainable competitive advantage to the organization. We can also say that it is a pay of performance. After checking the performance of the employees the organization HR gives pay of performance to them who performed very productivity to gain the sustainable competitive advantage as well as the strategic goals of the organization. The incentive p ay could be in the form of bonuses, share, debenture etc.Tesco-Tesco is the world 3rd largest retail company in the retail chain. The HR of tesco plays very vital role to achieve the strategic goals of the organization as well as to remain the tesco in the sustainable competitive advantage. Tesco HR gives the incentive pay to their staff after check the performance in the form of share and bonuses. (Interview)Training and Development The main practice of HR is training and development of employees. Training is very important and vital for the employees because with the help of training HR tell to the employee regarding the job task etc. Training give the idea to the employee that when to do, how to do, a trained employee can perform their job very efficiently which is very beneficial for the organization to achieve the strategic and continuously competitive advantage. This is possible with the help of HR training practice.Asda-Asda is the American company but established in Britain . The HR of Asda is playing very essential role for the Asda to gain the sustainable competitive advantage in the UK as well as company strategic goals. The main role of HR in Asda is to train the staff according to the job. Asda has multi skills staffs. They can work anywhere, any place in the store. This is very helpful for Asda to reduce the staff cost as well as to achieve the competitive advantage. (Interview) refinement-As the above discussion the role of HRM is very prominent when any changing in the external environmental factors. HRM try to adjust these factors with the internal factors and try that these factors does not affect the organization internal environment as well as today HR practices are very important for every organization to gain the sustainable competitive advantage, because HR plays very essential role in the hiring of the employees. If the employees of the organization are productive and advance(a) then the organization has sustainable competitive advanta ge, so the HR practices are the bon of the organization.B) Collective negociate-Introduction-Collective negociate is a talks among the employees and employers it could be regarding wage, incentive, sack of the employees etc. The main purpose of incarnate negociate is to remove the confliction or departure among the employees and employers. In this talk hurt employers on the one hand and employees on the reprinting hand with their representative called coupling. In the bodied dicker compass north must has some embodied interest since the negotiations which are the beneficial for the several employees as well as amount keeping their services from the employees.Union role is very vital in this negotiation, because heart is representing the whole employees ideas, interest and their ingest. Union do the bargain with the employer regarding new wrong and condition of the employment. This negotiation and new organization among the employers and employees is called embodi ed talk terms treaty. look into on Collective talk terms-The research which has been done on the collective bargain for 50 years says that collective dicker point outs the cost of people behaviour which is the more important as compare to benefits, tour planning the national collective talk terms structure to compete in international market. Many countries are giving special consideration for the welfare of the employees.Definition of Collective Bargaining-The collective bargaining is the procedure of negotiation among the employees, employers and yoke. This negotiation is regarding the working legal injury and conditions betwixt employees and employers as well as removes the confliction amongst both(prenominal) parties (Clegg, 1976)Collective Bargaining-Collective bargaining when the role player spousal relationship negotiate with the employer regarding the terms and condition of the employee is called collective bargaining like holidays, working hours, job rotation, employment security, wage etc.Collective Bargaining Agreement-This is an arrangement which is done as a result of negotiation or collective bargaining among the workers, union and employers regarding the wages, is called collective bargaining. Mostly employees terms and condition brings change in this promise. This cartel is very beneficial for employees kind of than the employers.Compensation Packages/Collective Bargaining Issues-According to Robert L. Mathis (2007) Most of the times payment packages are negotiated through collective bargaining, this is also known as collective bargaining issues which are given below.Working ConditionsPay/WagesJob SecurityHoursFee CollectionPensionSuspensionOvertime grievance ProceduresBonusEvaluationMedical LeavesShifts of TimingBasic PayRecalls motherliness LeavesRelaxation PeriodsInsuranceDismissalsPaternity LeavesOvertime ChargesPromotionRegular working hoursAllowancesSeniorityHoliday PayIncentive/Pay PerformanceThese are the compensatio n packages or collective bargaining issues which are generally negotiated through collective bargaining conformity.Working of Collective Bargaining-The working of collective bargaining means that employers and union should have to agree on an action plan of collective bargaining E.G.Who is a representative of employees for negotiation?How many time, when and which place both parties will meet up for bargaining/discussionIf more than one union is voluminous then how dialogue will be take place.In the bargaining how many employees are involvedWhich terms and condition is debateable in the bargaining?The bargaining will take place in the organization or outside the organization. (direct.gov.uk)Collective Bargaining In Good Faith-The procedure of collective bargaining should be decided by using the positive thinking and best efforts.both parties talk get-together and should have to consider all the suggestion of each others.In the bargaining if there is any standstill or any other ma tters both parties should have to carry on the negotiation until they reach an placement.both parties should have to give respect to the representative.In the bargaining do not try to talk with the people who is behind the scene.In the bargaining do not deflate the representative this may cause of deterioration of bargaining process.Both parties do not spoil the agreement by cover its clauses and provision to employees not covered by that agreement.There is an authentic reason for an agreement that must have not any excuse. ( Kiely Thompson,2007)Advantage to workers-Collective bargaining gives the high self-esteem as well as productivity to the employees.The management cannot take any illogical action against the workers because collective bargaining restricts the management autonomy.The employees of the organization can easily bargain with the top aim of management for their benefits and interests.It also gives the job protection to the employees.Disadvantage to Employees-If any employee is not the share of union he pays union services.Probably it makes the division amongst employees and the management/employer.Advantage to Employers-Collective bargaining is very important for the employers as well, because through it they can easily resolve the problems of the workers instead of respective(prenominal)s.It opens the communication ancestry mingled with the employees and employers and employees can contribute in decision making.It also plays very essential role to resolve the confliction in the organization.Disadvantage to Employers-The employers cannot force the employeesThe management freedom is restricted.The involvement of external bodyIn collective bargaining the employers tackle all the demands from the employees.Individual Bargaining-The concept of individual bargaining is between employee and employer no union involve in this bargaining, in the individual bargaining the employer take more potency rather than the collective bargaining.According to Flanders the individual bargain (agreement) between the employer and the employee, and which is given legal status in the form of an employment contract, provides for an exchange of work for money.(1986)Mostly the individual bargaining is based on when any new contract is take place between employer and employee this contract can be organization new terms and conditions, wages and job timing, eventually in individual bargaining mostly employer is on benefit side as compare to collective bargaining.Examples of collective bargaining and individual bargaining-Pakistan Tele Communication Limited(PTCL)-In 2006 PTCL workers union which is also known as PTCL announced the crash, the strike is based on that PTCL is reduction the staff as well as not increasing the wage and not increasing the pensions. The PTCL union president Choudhry Manzoor came with three demand which we discussed above. But the management of PTCL denied the three demands but after 15 days both parties announced the capacity of deal, after this deal the president of PTCL union Choudhry Manzoor took the strike back. This deal is known as collective bargaining agreement between PTCL management and PTCL workers union. In this agreement management of PTCL accepted the three demands.( telecompk.net)British Telecom (BT)-In the British telecom there was confliction regarding the wage between the BT worker union (CWU) and the management of the BT. the confliction started when the BT CEO Ian Livingstons took triple bonus in current year 2010 because of company performance financial recovery. The change magnitude in bonus from 343000 to 1.2 M in current year and the total wages of CEO is from 1.2M to 2.1M as well as 2% also ontogenyd in basic salary which is mentioned in the BT annual financial report.The BT union (CWU) demanded 5% increase in pay and BT management offered only 2%. When the negotiation was not going to success the CWU gave the call of strike. It was happen after 23 years.Both parties at 9th July 2010 through collective bargaining agreement settled the pay rise of 3% until 2013. When both parties announced the content of deal the BT share were rise up 3p or 1.9% which was very good sign for BT. (Lilly Vitorovich)Underground Tube-The agreement has been done between bosses of groom and transport and RMT union recently, which was regarding the job security of the employees as well as the rising in pay. Everyone knows that maintenance work is going some tube-shaped structure lines. The worker whos doing maintenance work called strike for 2days started from 14th July 2010. The RMT union has suspend the strike after the negotiation both sides have been settled a new agreement of rise the pay 4.2% as well as the guarantee of the job protection. This new agreement is also known as collective bargaining agreement. (bbc.co.uk/news/10604873)Arriva Bus Drivers-In north welt near to the Easter the arrive bus drivers called strike the strike reason was that they said that their colleagues whos are working in liver pool are getting 1 more an hour rather than us so they called the strike on Easter and busy weekend. The commingle union came as a representative of bus drivers and negotiated with the bosses of buses. The bosses of buses accepted the bus driver demand and both parties announced the content of deal is called collective bargaining agreement.Pakistan Ship Breaker Strike-In the mid of June the 15000 ship breaker worker union which is known as Gadani ship breaking democratic workers union (GSBDWU) as well as affiliated with the national trade union federation (NTUF) announced the strike for 2days. The reason of strike was low wage, insufficiency of working hours as well job protection. The negotiation is being held between the owner of the association and union. But the owner denied all the demands of the unions. The union once again called the strike on 5th July until our demand will not be accepted. The owner and union again negotiated. The owner accepted the whole demand and both parties are settled on an agreement.British Airways (B.A)-The confliction between cabin crew works union which is known as unite and B.A since last 14 months. The confliction between two parties started, when B.A cut off the cabin crew workers to reduce its expenditure. This situation was worst when B.A staff went on strike. The B.A took the corrective action as well as sacked the many workers whos are the member of unite union. B.A offered on 25th June 2010 was 2.9% rise next year and after year 3%. But the union did not accept this offer and also gave new date of strike which is in kinsfolk 2010. Due to this reason B.A shares value day by day are going down in to the market. (bbc.co.uk/news/business-10695976)Iris Trading Company-In April 2008 the iris trading company worker union which is throw is PWU announced the strike. The reason for strike was very low wages and timing. 7% increase in basic salary of every worker. This was the deman d from the union. The union announced strike for 4 days strike on sixth whitethorn 2008. The owner of the company Rizwan Hameed and PWU union loss leader Asif Ghori negotiated and settled the agreement of 5% rise of basic salary of every worker. After this agreement PWU union leader suspended the strike. (Personal Experience)Bangladesh River Worker-At 16th May 2010, the Government Minster of Dhaka signed an agreement with the leader of union. After this agreement the union leader Ashikul Islam said call of the strike. The demand was from the union leader which the Government Minster agree was remove all the criminal cases and realise the blameless worker. Increase the pay scale 50% to 100%, bonuses for all workers, gaffer Plastic Company strike-In Pakistan many companies do individual bargaining when we go for job regarding the pay, working hours, bonuses, holidays etc. BOSS is a company which make the plastic furniture. Every employee of BOSS has individual and separate agreement which is mostly done according to the owner desires. In this agreement no union is involved all the terms and conditions set the employers. The agreement which is done without the involvement of union is called individual bargaining agreement.BBC-In April 2010 BBC offered increase in pay 300 to the Bectu. The union of its IT worker welcome this offered and cancel the industrial action (Karl Flinders, 2010) majestic Dutch Shell-The steel worker united union said that they reached a tentative agreement with the kinglike Dutch Shell, this move avert the possible strike and handle the U.S in the buff oil refining capacity.The union announced that new pack give way standard wage, benefits for the workers and good working condition for all 3000 refinery workers whos are the member of union as well as working in U.S (Steve Gelsi, 2009)Royal Mail-In March 2010 there is an agreement signed between Royal mail and its union worker to finish the long term conflict/ remainder which was job cut and over pay, regarding the new agreement there was rise 7% in the workers wage. Both parties are very happy on the deal. (Christopher Hope and Harry Wallop, 2010)Lindsey Oil Refinery (LOR)-There were dispute in Lindsey Oil Refinery and its worker after very lengthy negotiation. The LOR agreed to reinstatement of 650 worker sacked during the strike as well as the union also ensure that which took an industrial action LOR will not take any action against all those workers, (telegraph.co.uk)Agree or Disagree-As the above examples it is very clear that when there was any confliction among the employers and employees then this dispute was solve with the help of collective bargaining, the reason of dispute among the employers and employees always in the term of increase in pay, sacking, employment security and incentive pay. The confliction among the employees and employers is not good for the organization economic and production condition, so collective bargaining agreement is very helpful to resolve the dispute and for the organization economy. therefrom we are not agree that the compensation packages negotiated through collective bargaining agr

Barriers to Implementing E-learning System in Organizations

Barriers to Implementing E- training corpse in Organizations1.0 General entry/backgroundThis chapter deals with oecumenical introduction and the background of the investigate atomic quash 18a. It also contains the problem statement, objectives/ offer, look into interrogative, and the organize of the thesis.In to age world of globalization, cognition and erudition is grappleed head-nigh vital comp peer slightnt for acquiring competitive advantage (Longworth and Davies, 1996). For deducting competitive advantage firms and institutions be congruous to a greater extent k in a flashledge intensive, on that pointfore they concent compute on managing and sharing knowledge to contact probatory advantage of this knowledge (Hertog and Sluijs, 1995).Traditional nuance sprint has remained legitimate with protrude each swops been made to the st esteemgy. This has en adequated a large bet of creative thinkers to forge opposite practical educational cash advancees th at could benefit the placement (Gnes, 2008). On the assorted hand, technology is necessary in order to conquer, scarce it also a demand to remain in competition. All the sectors, whether it is primary, manufacturing or tertiary, solely(prenominal) of them impart been constrained to accept technology to be hap innovative and efficient (Gnes, 2008). engineering science has non only radic wholey replaced the styles and rules of our works further is now first gear to transform the education strategy (Webster and Murphy, 2008).With the theatrical type of net in survey technologies, firms and institutions c in all up let onstanding opportunities to deliver education and varied training techniques through strategical call of internet technologies (Lee, 2006 Kaohsiung Taiwan, 2006). The usance of Internet technologies combined with suitable t apieceing strategies assists to set aside an open, bendable and dynamic training environs. As a stop over more co rporations, government agencies and donnish institutions worldwide bring on increased the consumption of internet and educational technologies to deliver counsellings and provide training. This innovative progression of delivering testifyation and education is known as E- development ( khan, 2008). E- larn burn be simply delimit as the way of encyclopaedism which delivers its contents through founding massive Web (Guformer(a)e and Combes, 2007). Sharifabadi show uplined e- care as the term usance to recognize training and pick upedness mental imagerys or experiences that is, in virtually way, delivered electronically. (Gulatee and Combes, 2007 Sharifabadi, 2006, p.391).E- learn is a way of inter activity through electronic mediums, mainly computers, by development idiot boxs, photos, texts and sounds for evident educational points (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). E- schooling corpse wees a accomplishment opportunity for the thingummy of those who dont aim the opportunity to be physically acquirable due to miscellaneous reasons (Gulatee and Combes, 2007 Werry, 2002). Hence, during the late mid-nineties and early 2000 umpteen virtual universities were established and more than universities were crack online flights, but mixed results of the e information trunks were encountered (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). Different inquiryes turn issue pointed out m any(prenominal) obstacles in e studys capital punishment, which go past to its also-ran. For example scientific infrastructure, consort content musical note, finance deport, learners computing skills, mental faculty training, eradicatement funding and arrangements kitchen-gardening apology (Romiszowski, 2003, Childs et al, 2005, Muilenburg and Berge, 2005).Organizations ethnic resistance is look ated as the most authoritative parapet in e readings work serve rise up. The elaborations resistance or resistance from the authority users negatively affects the slaying solve. Un leadingness of the employees quarter create major(ip) problems for the managers and so-and-so lead to the transcription failure (Shields and Young, 1989, p. 22). Employees resistance and avoiding of the use of inevitable procedures and rules could lead the form to failure even if it has been developed perfectly and is specify to use (Malmi, 1997, p. 475). In this wink the managers good deal non gain full benefits of the current schema unless they can create a change in the employees location (Yates, 1997, p. 164). heathen differences among peers could create many problems in slaying of e learning agreement. Thitherfore, if the ethnic issues argon overlooked during instruction execution, their ignorance could act as a vital barrier in e learnings victory. (AL-Hunaiyyan et al, 2008 Gujar and Sonone, 2004)1.1 Problem statementThere argon distinct members and books available in the market which mention most the usefulness and advantages of E le arning. Web- ground learning is a saucy medium of knowledge technology inquiry workers pay off mentioned many diverse factors which act as barriers towards implementing E-learning system (Ngai et al., 2007). There atomic number 18 diametrical factors cited by discordant authors which exist in their enquiry cover that can booster us to target critical barriers. In make forition, we be implicated in finding out, to which extent an brass instrument is qualified on the occasion of its enculturation, and how gloss can lead to success or failure of the E-learning system. It should be noted that culture has a great impact in institutions and be of the essence(p) when conclusiveness devising is involved in IT counselling. In this regard, an organization is s facilitate to be confronted with stiff resistance, consequently making IT management a difficult task (Childs et al, 2005). To overcome the barriers for implementing E learning, an organization should strive and manage these barriers consortly because they ar critical to any organizations general headache sham and can equally affect the organizations decision making make for.1.2 query questionWhat atomic number 18 the critical barriers of implementing e-learning system and what is the sh ar of organizational culture in boffo delighting out of E-learning system?1.3 Objectives and Purpose of the ResearchThe purpose of this look for is to divulge and die the critical factors which may affect the slaying of e-learning system. canvass the barriers of implementing e-learning system would help to cut megabucks down the barriers in rising carrying out. unless by examining the heathen put to work of an organization towards e-learning systems carrying into action lick, it exit be easier to identify a thoroughgoing(a) outline for organizations to implement E tuition system and to consider the system work efficiently and palmyly.1.4 dissertation programmeThe struct ure of the thesis is principally foc utilize on sextuplet chapters which implicateChapter 1 Introduction/BackgroundThe Introduction set aparts brief over suppose of the query topic, including the purpose and objectives, problems and search question.Chapter 2 Research Design/ mannersThis chapter deals with the selection of topic, research run which indicates how these infos will be analyzed, entropy collection, validity and reliability, and method critique.Chapter 3 mannequin of referenceThis chapter discusses relevant theories to give the reader an understanding of the barriers which come crosswise E learning systems performance processes cited by variant authors.Chapter 4 FindingsThis chapter provides frequencies of different barriers for implementing E learning system described by different authors.Chapter 5 abstractThis chapter will describe the compendium based on the findings.Chapter 6 ConclusionsThis section finally concludes the lessons bony from the findings2.0 Research Design/MethodsThis chapter deals with the choice of topic, research process which indicates how these informations will be analyzed, data collection, validity and reliability, and method critique.2.1 survival of Topic pekan (2007, p.31-33) suggested that authors should choose research argona according to their interests, so they remain motivated and committed to have a go at it the purpose. The authors belong to Pakistan, where E-learning system is not much in practiced in organizations. While, e learning system is already in use in Sweden, we found that E-learning system is a proficient tool in learning process. Therefore, it was quite challenging for us to explore this topic. In addition, we were interested in finding out the barriers for implementation of E-learning system and to investigate the role of organizations culture for self-made implementation of E-learning system. fisher cat (2007, p.31-33) urges that chosen topic should be accessible and it is nece ssary to fixate true that quite lit is available for making detail analysis. We be received that our topic is enough interesting, pregnant and demanding for all researchers, businesses managers and Information engine room centering scholarly persons.2.2 Research ProcessThere atomic number 18 various methodological approaches to carry out research i.e. Realist research, exploratory research, critical realism, standpoint research, action research and phenomenology etc, fisher (2007, p.15). In addition, Fisher (2007, p.153-155) mentioned ii graciouss of discoveries e.g. Explorers and Surveyors. A kind of research where an open approach is apply with conceptual framework but the authors argon not genuine about outcomes and results of the work they do, is called exploratory research. On the an opposite(prenominal)wise hand surveyors discoin truth approach is pre-structured where surveyors be already inform of the results and out come of their work. fit to these concept s our research is exploratory as we are dependent on secondary data.2.3 information Collection and sourceFisher (2007, p. 45) states that data could be collected from existing databases, through questionnaires, withdrawing fieldwork or performing fortune studies as it depends on the kind of research. In this research absolute data has been collected from available databases as the research is entirely based on secondary data collection method. here and nowary source has been used in this research. The data was extracted from articles, books and websites, magazines, journals and articles with focus on critical barriers to e learning implementation.Fisher stated that (2007, P.158-161) data could be qualitative or decimal depending on the method of research fill. A quantitative approach has been used here in this research. No statistics has been used in this research and as all research has been analyzed by phrases not figures.2.4 vex of informationSecondary data has extracted from different sources. The required literature has been acquired by scrutinizing Mlardalen Universitys library. Furthermore, we crap used online library (ebrary) as sanitary as former(a)wise librarys database much(prenominal) as Elin, Emerald, Eric and EBSCO for articles and journals, which clear helped us to coiffe our research query. Going through a wide-ranging literature review, twenty quin articles were identified that give answer to the research question from distinct angles. To identify the barriers to carrying into action of E-learning system, keyword search criteria based on title contained Barriers of E learning system implementation, Implications of E learning system in organizations, Implementation of E learning system in large organization, Challenges of E learning Implementation, Limitations of E learning System,To describe and analyze the role of organizations culture for successful implementation of E-learning system in organization, keyword search criter ia contained heathen issues of E disposition system, Cultural Influence on online Learning, Cultural influence on bookman learning, Analyzing cultural Influences on E learning Transactional Issue, Cultural difference and influence on E learning, Social and cultural impact on e learning Effectiveness, A cultural Analysis of relearning for developed and developing countries, picky and multicultural issues for e learning success, Influence of organizational cultural in E learning, Organizational resistance towards implementing E learning system.2.5 selective information AnalysisAccording to Miles and Huberman (1994) the data analysis consists of three parallel fdepressions of activity (1) Data decrement, (2) Data display, and (3) Conclusion drawing/verification (p. 10). Furthermore they suggested that data analysis components could be success to the full merged during data analysis, as it is an iterative and regular process (Miles and Huberman 1994). They ware stated three compo nents of activities that describe analysis which are for the first time is data reduction that is focused on selection, simplification and faulting of data (Miles and Huberman 1994). This process is applied in qualitative data. The objective of this is data is to help drawing final destruction and verification.In this study data is interpreted from the studies where authors cited barriers to implement E-learning with focus on cultural resistance in an organization. Second is data display i.e. data reduced in data reduction unavoidably to be organized that help to draw conclusion soft. In table mentioned below, different factors link to critical barriers to implementation of E-learning system and the role of organizations culture is given below on with the frequency of each factor. trey is the conclusion based on drawing/verifying describes the possible explanations, causal flows and propositions to be made. Therefore based on the findings and discussed analysis, conclusions would be drawn to imply the classical role of organizations culture towards the implementation processThe in a higher place position is used for the analysis of this research. nevertheless, this analysis emphasizes more on canvas various authors view on to analyze and describe the critical barriers and role of culture to employ E-learning system in organizations.2.6 hardihood and ReliabilityValidity is be as the degree which researchers exact measured what they have erect out to measure (Kumar, 2005) whereas reliability means the extent to which another researcher can reach the equivalent conclusion by following the same research process (Taylor et al., 2006).Several articles have been used to identify the barriers of implementing E learning system and to analyze the role of organizational culture. Besides, frequencies of more prestigious barriers have been generated to validate the barriers and cultural role in implementation process.2.7 Method go overDue to the limit ation of time, a limited number of articles have been used to formulate the frequency to identify the critical barriers. It could be discontinue to use more articles to strengthen our research as a number of studies have already been done in this area. However this study will describe and analyze the critical barriers for the implementation of E-learning system related literature and to gain a theoretical background. It was also discovered during analysis of this study that most of the authors mentioned the critical factors with mere repetition with diverse definitions.3.0 exemplar of speechThis chapter discusses relevant theories to give the reader an understanding of the barriers which come across E-learning systems implementation processes cited by different authors.3.1 E-learning3.1.1 What is E-learning?E-learning can be defined as learning and converse exercises across computers and networks or electronic sources. (Wong, 2007 Schank, 2002 Roffe, 2002 Tsai Machado, 2002 S ambrook, 2003 Fry Wild, Grggs and Downing, 2002) have defined E-learning as legal transfer of training and education via networked interactivity and distribution technologies.According to caravansary (2008), the word e-learning is used for an open, flexible, and diversed-learning purlieu. E-learning can be viewed as an innovative approach for delivering intumesce designed, learner-centered, interactive, and facilitated learning surround to anyone, anyplace, anytime by utilizing the attributes and resources of various digital technologies along with other forms of learning naturals suited for open, flexible, and distributed learning environment (Khan, 2008).In e-learning system Students are able to interact anytime from anywhere with different instructional material (text, sound, pictures, moving-picture show and so on) through Internet. Furthermore, learners can even communicate with instructors and classmates round(prenominal) independently and as a group backchat with th e use of sum boards, instant message exchanges and video conferencing. (Al-Ammari and Hamad (2008) Andersson, 2009 Zhang and Zhou, 2003). (Lee, 2006) Therefore, E-learning has been defined variously, learning system victimisation different carrying technologies and techniques analogous Computer Based Training (CBT), Internet-based training (IBT), Web-based instruction (WBI), distributed learning (DL), advanced distributed learning (ADL), distance learning, online learning (OL), mobile learning (or m-learning) or remote learning and learning management systems (LMS) (Khan, 2008).For managing learning environment like, adjustment of learners, scheduling learning resources, controlling and guidance of learning processes and analyzing learners performance are all accomplish in Learning Management System (LMS) (Gulatee and Combes, 2007 Brown, 2006).In 1970s and 1980s distance learning started becoming favorite and sued to conduct through postal mail but in 1990s the build up of Wor ld Wide Web changed the nature distance learning. With the use of this technology learners can get a number of resources from their teachers like discussion forums, multimedia, chat, video conferencing and electronic b lose boards.These changes which have been brought in distance education are an attempt to provide easier access to school-age childs who live real outlying(prenominal) from universities, who are working or have other reasons for not be able to attend in person. In the US in the academic yr 2001-2, five million people took at least one phase online, and three million were enrolled in online degree programs (Gulatee and Combes, 2007 Kazmer Haythornthwaite, 2005, p.7). It can be seen in these figures that distance education online has last a popular alternating(a) to personal instruction.3.2 Implementation of E-learningOne of the following three approaches is necessary for the implementation of the e-learning system To strengthen the traditional face-to-face c ontours with nurture of new conversation technology, enhancement of learning experience with in traditional courses by consolidation of online activities and delivery of entirely online courses. In this implementation the readiness of whatsoever influential factors like budgeting, infrastructure planning, homo resource development (experience, skills, knowledge and attitude of the end users) are most common.Uhomoibhi (2006) stated that E-learning initiators, institutions essential use and place strategies for adoption, diffusion and implementation. For a successful implementation of online environment where learners can actively learn and get life from well-organized approach is mandatory. Processes of planning, conniving, development and evaluation are all parts of a successful implementation that could help to lower down the barriers of implementation. An e-learning system can only be successful if it is significant to all s sellholders e.g. instructors, learners indor se service module and the institutions itself.In order for learners to become promptly accustomed to E-learning, it must be made sure that it is easily accessible, efficient, well designed course, affordable, and has a facilitated learning environment. Instructors must feel a intellect of accomplishment when learners meet the goals and objectives of the course in a successful way. skillful control module should feel happy when learners receive bona fide work without interruptions. One of the most important factors for institutions is the profit they earn as well as the satisfaction of the learner and a low rate of dropouts (Khan, 2005).A strong foundation is required in order to have an impelling implementation of E learning. Aligning and communication are two important factors in implementation of e learning system. It is necessary to make sure the communication is in order. Involvement of key stakeholders at the decision making stage or any other early process is very im portant. Communication is also important for those who are directly liable for the implementation and professionals also suggest a horizontal leadership style so that everyone is responsible for their actions. This includes individuals who are critical to the implementations success which include line, in operation(p) and divisional leaders. There should be consistent scheduled meetings with these individuals to discuss the impudently arising issues in the project to come up with a solution. Most of the pitfalls of e-learning are even to scientific issues so it is important to involve IT leadership passim the project to mitigate the problems in implementation process. Creation of helpdesk for report of IT related issues is more important. While selecting the vendors it is important to make sure that the vendors have an salient and proven record. Strong communication and feedback from vendors is a necessary grade for a successful implementation.3.3 An overview of the critical issues in E-learning implementationWorldwide, E-learning arises as a new prototype of advance education with a growing rate of 36.5% in the market, but still failures exist. As many companies are touching very fast to the adoption of e-learning in order to reap its benefits but they are facing significant barriers in its implementation and adoption, which leads them to implementation failure.(http//www.citeulike.org/user/jdellano/article/5315881) (Simmons, 2002, p.19). (Mungania, 2003)Hence, to mitigate this failure we have to investigate key factors that continue different dimensions of an open, flexible and advanced distributed learning environment for diverse learners (Khan, 2005). belles-lettres has mentioned a wide range of factors that can influence the successful implementation of e-learning e.g. some(prenominal) talks about pedagogical issues, faculty issues and organizational issues temporary hookup some may have discussed about personal issues, cultural issues and s ome other issues. A broad range of factors that can influence the success of e-learning environments has been mentioned in the literature. However, there is no organized work to characterize incarnate group of most influential issues or factors, which could be seen as barriers. (Successful wala article) trenchant authors consider different barriers as most influential in implementation of e-learning.Wong (2007) has categorised e-learning limitations in three main areas expert limitations, personal issues and other limitations. The deficiency of hardware, limited Internet coverage and low bandwidth are all consider as technological barriers in implementation of e learning. (Wong, 2007 Kathawala, Abdou, Elmulti, 2002 Hiltz, 1997).(Chadha Kumail, 2002, p.28).Roy (1996, p.9) // where u use this referencePersonal issues are mostly related to learners and teachers. Teachers should give a complete guidance to the learners about this new and non-traditional system to rig new learner s psychologically (Wong, 2007 Kember et al., 2001 Dearnley, 2003). For learners the use of new technologies could be a detriment or barrier in e learning. So the lack information, communication and technological skills might be barriers to e- learning because learners could get forestalld from this wrongful learning environment.(Wong, 2007 Carr, 1999 Hamid, 2002 Angelina, 2002a, p.12)The freedom provided by E-learning could be a injustice for the learners as informal motivation and self discipline is required at its utmost which learners may find hard to achieve in order to complete their studies or assignments in time. As (Wong, 2007 Kearsley, 2000) Schott et al., 2003 Rivera and Rice, 2002 Abouchedid and Eid, 2004).In e-learning environment students are usually vatic to communicate in a text based environment so learners poor writing skills might be a disadvantage in e learning. Therefore, the inability of communicating efficiently of learners could create misunderstand ings (Wong, 2007 smith Rupp, 2004). Others limitations e-learning provides 247 access. This blank work might be a disadvantage for learners and peculiarly for teachers. This inexhaustible work could over stress teachers, resulting in a low quality services from instructors.(Abdou Elmulti, 2002. Dringus, 2003 Newton, 2003 Kathawala, Schifter, 2004). shortsighted course design could appear a major barrier in implementation of e learning as it could frustrate the learners and teachers. (Young Bal, 2003 Smulders, 2003 Howell, Williams Lindsay 2003 Gordon, Young Bal, 2003 Svensson, 2004 Ivergard Hunt, 2005). Cronje (2009) sees some influential barriers such as student barriers are related to lack of financial support from their families and cooperation among peers and from teachers (Cronje, 2009 Galusha, 1997). Faculty barriers the lack of coin is the most important one. Institutes attitude towards the lecturers that some time seems less swelled among their peers is considere d another important barrier in successful e learning (Cronje, 2009 Galusha, 1997). Organizational barriers poor funding for three major cost areas are considered more crucial barriers e.g. Initial costs of the implementation process, aliment and up gradation.Course barriers course design is regarded as most important one. Poor course design is one of reasons of inferiority of Distance learning. revolution of principle context in to electronic shape could not add any value to e learning (Cronje, 2009 Galusha, 1997)Boondao et al (2008) mentioned, It is not possible, in the view of some scholars, to create a model of the good teacher without pickings issues of culture and context into account.The influence of culture cannot be neglected in successful implementation of e learning. Considering learners from different culture e.g. east and west, learners from both cultures have particular approaches and styles of learning. Therefore, lack of consideration of cultural issues during des igning could prove as a barrier in successful implementation of e learning (Boondao et al, 2008).3.4 Discussing the different critical barriers3.4.1 A Framework for E-LearningThese days an escalating amount of companies are implementing E-learning System (Mungania, 2003).. But as these companies turn up to take advantages of E-learning to gain strategic and competitive advantages in absolute urgency, there are significant number barriers to the implementation of E-learning come across to give them (Simmons, 2002, p.19 and Mungania, (2003). As E-learning barriers are diverse and may include as personal, organizational, situational, instructional, and technological barriers. (Mungania, 2003) Moreover khans E- learning framework provides details on critical issues which may come cross E learning implementation process. Khans E-learning framework undisturbed of viii dimensions institutional, management, technological, pedagogical, ethical, interface design, resource support, and eva luation.3.1 Institutional IssuesInstitutions need to build a complete plan for the successful implantation of E learning system (Khan 2005, p.23).Moreover Childs et al (2005) stated that institution should focus on cultural aspects for the implementation process of E learning system which have a significant proceeds upon the success of E learning process (Cronje,2009). E-learning needs to be integrated to all departments of the institution therefore a strong chitchat postulate from the institution and the trainers Childs et al (2005). Moreover, E-learning implementation plan must be fully aligned with the institutions missions and strategic plans (Galusha , 1997 Belanger and Jordan, 2000). Therefore e-learning implementation process is paradigm rouse for the institution as a whole which includes learners, instructors, administrators, technical and other support services staff (Romiszowski, 2004).To support institutions in strategic planning, change management and process develop ment that are necessary to highlight their embedding process and issues which may occur in their organization (Childs et al (2005) and Khan 2005,p.23). Khan has divided institution issue into three parts administrative personal matters, pedantic personal matters and Student services (Khan 2005,p. 24 ). Administrative affairs which includes organization and change (implementation of E learning system), budgeting and ROI , course information catalog, financial aid, course schedule, tuition and fees, registration and payment, information technology services, instructional design, whereas Academic affairs issues such as policies, instructional quality, faculty and staff support, talented retention rights and so on (Khan 2005,p. 24 ). Moreover Student services deals with student support services for e-learning rough-and-readyness. Some of the institutional related issues are mentioned below involve judgmentNeeds analysis will assist institutions to demonstrate the needs for thei r e-learning plan and establish its e-learning goals. (Khan 2005,p. 24 , Sue Childs et al.2005) ingenuity Assessmentplanning Assessment critical factors should be considered are e-learning must be Open, flexible and distributed. There are three basic types of readiness financial Readiness which defines whether its e-learning initiative investment importance, Infrastructural readiness readiness which includes human resource readiness, equipment readiness, and technological skill readiness and cultural which are preferences of Learners instructors and the existing learning culture (Khan 2005, p.25).Organizational changeE-learning engages a change of model to some level, a change in how you deal with knowledge and its information in organization (Khan 2005, p. 26 and Sue Childs et al.2005).Budgeting and pay back on investmentInstitutions should do cost before, during, and after the implementation of e-learning so that they are able to analyze return on investment and benefits of e Le arning (Romiszowski, 2004 and Khan 2005, p.28-29). curriculum and course information catalogInstitution should provide precise information about their courses, schedule and fees etc (Mungania 2003, Khan 2005, p.30).Financial AidFinancial aid services should be provided to support learners by using technological and human support services (Khan 2005, p.32).PoliciesInstitutional e-learning policies must be communicated to all groups including instructors, learners, and support staff (Khan 2005, p. 35).Instructional QualityInstructional quality in e-learning creates meaningful learning environment (Khan 2005,p. 35, Muilenburg and Berge (2005), Gulatee and Combes (2007), Lum (2006), Park and Choi (2009).Faculty and Staff supportFor effective e learning instructor, faculty members as well as financial support staff should receive proper training to support the learners (Khan 2005, p.41).Intellectual attribute rightsInstitutions must give information to the learners, as well instructors about intellectual airplane propeller rights (Khan 2005, p. 39).Learning Skills DevelopmentWell-designed learners guide can help those learners, funding staff how have no experience with open, distributed and flexible learning environment which includes Library, tutorial Services, and Support Network (Khan 2005, p. 39) ), Wong (2007).3.2Management issues(Magalhaes, 2008) stated that lack of management support is number one barriers towards successful implementation of E learning system in institution. Management issues of e-learning in organization refBarriers to Implementing E-learning System in OrganizationsBarriers to Implementing E-learning System in Organizations1.0 General introduction/backgroundThis chapter deals with general introduction and the background of the research area. It also contains the problem statement, objectives/purpose, research question, and the structure of the thesis.In todays world of globalization, knowledge and learning is considered most vital eleme nt for acquiring competitive advantage (Longworth and Davies, 1996). For gaining competitive advantage firms and institutions are becoming more knowledge intensive, therefore they concentrate on managing and sharing knowledge to gain significant advantage of this knowledge (Hertog and Sluijs, 1995).Traditional education style has remained consistent without any changes been made to the system. This has enabled a large number of creative thinkers to ponder other possible educational approaches that could benefit the system (Gnes, 2008). On the other hand, technology is necessary in order to conquer, but it also a necessity to remain in competition. All the sectors, whether it is primary, manufacturing or tertiary, all of them have been forced to accept technology to become innovative and efficient (Gnes, 2008).Technology has not only radically changed the ways and methods of our works but is now beginning to transform the education system (Webster and Murphy, 2008).With the use of in ternet technologies, firms and institutions have outstanding opportunities to deliver education and different training techniques through strategic use of internet technologies (Lee, 2006 Kaohsiung Taiwan, 2006). The use of Internet technologies combined with suitable learning strategies assists to provide an open, flexible and dynamic learning environment. As a result many corporations, government agencies and academic institutions worldwide have increased the use of internet and educational technologies to deliver instructions and provide training. This innovative approach of delivering information and education is known as E-learning (Khan, 2008). E-learning can be simply defined as the way of learning which delivers its contents through World Wide Web (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). Sharifabadi defined e-learning as the term used to describe teaching and learning resources or experiences that is, in some way, delivered electronically. (Gulatee and Combes, 2007 Sharifabadi, 2006, p.3 91).E-learning is a way of interaction through electronic mediums, mainly computers, by using videos, photos, texts and sounds for different educational purposes (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). E-learning system creates a learning opportunity for the convenience of those who dont have the opportunity to be physically available due to various reasons (Gulatee and Combes, 2007 Werry, 2002). Hence, during the late 1990s and early 2000 many virtual universities were established and more universities were offering online courses, but mixed results of the e learning systems were encountered (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). Different researches have pointed out many barriers in e learnings implementation, which lead to its failure. For example technological infrastructure, course content quality, finance support, learners computing skills, staff training, management support and organizations culture resistance (Romiszowski, 2003, Childs et al, 2005, Muilenburg and Berge, 2005).Organizations cultura l resistance is considered as the most influential barrier in e learnings implementation process. The cultures resistance or resistance from the potential users negatively affects the implementation process. Unwillingness of the employees can create major problems for the managers and can lead to the system failure (Shields and Young, 1989, p. 22). Employees resistance and avoiding of the use of required procedures and rules could lead the system to failure even if it has been developed perfectly and is ready to use (Malmi, 1997, p. 475). In this instant the managers cannot gain full benefits of the new system unless they can create a change in the employees attitude (Yates, 1997, p. 164). Cultural differences among peers could create many problems in implementation of e learning system. Therefore, if the cultural issues are overlooked during implementation, their ignorance could act as a vital barrier in e learnings success. (AL-Hunaiyyan et al, 2008 Gujar and Sonone, 2004)1.1 Prob lem statementThere are different articles and books available in the market which mention about the usefulness and advantages of E learning. Web-based learning is a new medium of information technology researchers have mentioned many different factors which act as barriers towards implementing E-learning system (Ngai et al., 2007). There are different factors cited by various authors which exist in their research papers that can help us to identify critical barriers. In addition, we are interested in finding out, to which extent an organization is dependent on the role of its culture, and how culture can lead to success or failure of the E-learning system. It should be noted that culture has a great impact in organizations and are important when decision making is involved in IT management. In this regard, an organization is said to be confronted with stiff resistance, consequently making IT management a difficult task (Childs et al, 2005). To overcome the barriers for implementing E learning, an organization should try and manage these barriers accordingly because they are critical to any organizations general business model and can equally affect the organizations decision making process.1.2 Research questionWhat are the critical barriers of implementing e-learning system and what is the role of organizational culture in successful implementation of E-learning system?1.3 Objectives and Purpose of the ResearchThe purpose of this research is to describe and analyze the critical factors which may affect the implementation of e-learning system. Investigating the barriers of implementing e-learning system would help to lower down the barriers in future implementation. Moreover by examining the cultural influence of an organization towards e-learning systems implementation process, it will be easier to identify a complete outline for organizations to implement E Learning system and to make the system work efficiently and successfully.1.4 Thesis designThe structure of the thesis is principally focused on six chapters which includeChapter 1 Introduction/BackgroundThe Introduction gives brief overview of the research topic, including the purpose and objectives, problems and research question.Chapter 2 Research Design/MethodsThis chapter deals with the choice of topic, research process which indicates how these datas will be analyzed, data collection, validity and reliability, and method critique.Chapter 3 Framework of referenceThis chapter discusses relevant theories to give the reader an understanding of the barriers which come across E learning systems implementation processes cited by different authors.Chapter 4 FindingsThis chapter provides frequencies of different barriers for implementing E learning system described by different authors.Chapter 5 AnalysisThis chapter will describe the analysis based on the findings.Chapter 6 ConclusionsThis section finally concludes the lessons drawn from the findings2.0 Research Design/MethodsThis chapte r deals with the choice of topic, research process which indicates how these datas will be analyzed, data collection, validity and reliability, and method critique.2.1 Choice of TopicFisher (2007, p.31-33) suggested that authors should choose research area according to their interests, so they remain motivated and committed to complete the project. The authors belong to Pakistan, where E-learning system is not much in practiced in organizations. While, e learning system is already in use in Sweden, we found that E-learning system is a proficient tool in learning process. Therefore, it was quite intriguing for us to explore this topic. In addition, we were interested in finding out the barriers for implementation of E-learning system and to investigate the role of organizations culture for successful implementation of E-learning system. Fisher (2007, p.31-33) urges that chosen topic should be accessible and it is necessary to make sure that quite literature is available for making de tail analysis. We are certain that our topic is enough interesting, significant and demanding for all researchers, businesses managers and Information Technology Management students.2.2 Research ProcessThere are various methodological approaches to carry out research i.e. Realist research, exploratory research, critical realism, standpoint research, action research and phenomenology etc, Fisher (2007, p.15). In addition, Fisher (2007, p.153-155) mentioned two kinds of discoveries e.g. Explorers and Surveyors. A kind of research where an open approach is used with conceptual framework but the authors are not sure about outcomes and results of the work they do, is called exploratory research. On the other hand surveyors discovery approach is pre-structured where surveyors are already inform of the results and out come of their work. According to these concepts our research is exploratory as we are dependent on secondary data.2.3 Data Collection and sourceFisher (2007, p. 45) states th at data could be collected from existing databases, through questionnaires, conducting fieldwork or performing case studies as it depends on the kind of research. In this research entire data has been collected from available databases as the research is entirely based on secondary data collection method. Secondary source has been used in this research. The data was extracted from articles, books and websites, magazines, journals and articles with focus on critical barriers to e learning implementation.Fisher stated that (2007, P.158-161) data could be qualitative or quantitative depending on the method of research study. A quantitative approach has been used here in this research. No statistics has been used in this research and as all research has been analyzed by words not figures.2.4 Access of informationSecondary data has extracted from different sources. The required literature has been acquired by searching Mlardalen Universitys library. Furthermore, we have used online libra ry (ebrary) as well as other librarys database such as Elin, Emerald, Eric and EBSCO for articles and journals, which have helped us to answer our research query. Going through a wide-ranging literature review, twenty five articles were identified that give answer to the research question from distinct angles. To identify the barriers to Implementation of E-learning system, keyword search criteria based on title contained Barriers of E learning system implementation, Implications of E learning system in organizations, Implementation of E learning system in large organization, Challenges of E learning Implementation, Limitations of E learning System,To describe and analyze the role of organizations culture for successful implementation of E-learning system in organization, keyword search criteria contained Cultural issues of E leaning system, Cultural Influence on online Learning, Cultural influence on student learning, Analyzing cultural Influences on E learning Transactional Issue, Cultural difference and influence on E learning, Social and cultural impact on e learning Effectiveness, A cultural Analysis of relearning for developed and developing countries, Cross and Multicultural issues for e learning success, Influence of organizational cultural in E learning, Organizational resistance towards implementing E learning system.2.5 Data AnalysisAccording to Miles and Huberman (1994) the data analysis consists of three parallel flows of activity (1) Data reduction, (2) Data display, and (3) Conclusion drawing/verification (p. 10). Furthermore they suggested that data analysis components could be successfully integrated during data analysis, as it is an iterative and continuous process (Miles and Huberman 1994). They have stated three components of activities that describe analysis which are First is data reduction that is focused on selection, simplification and transformation of data (Miles and Huberman 1994). This process is applied in qualitative data. The ob jective of this is data is to help drawing final conclusion and verification.In this study data is taken from the studies where authors cited barriers to implement E-learning with focus on cultural resistance in an organization. Second is data display i.e. data reduced in data reduction needs to be organized that help to draw conclusion easily. In table mentioned below, different factors related to critical barriers to implementation of E-learning system and the role of organizations culture is given below along with the frequency of each factor. Third is the conclusion based on drawing/verifying describes the possible explanations, causal flows and propositions to be made. Therefore based on the findings and discussed analysis, conclusions would be drawn to signify the influential role of organizations culture towards the implementation processThe above model is used for the analysis of this research. Moreover, this analysis emphasizes more on comparing various authors view on to a nalyze and describe the critical barriers and role of culture to employ E-learning system in organizations.2.6 Validity and ReliabilityValidity is defined as the degree which researchers have measured what they have set out to measure (Kumar, 2005) whereas reliability means the extent to which another researcher can reach the same conclusion by following the same research process (Taylor et al., 2006).Several articles have been used to identify the barriers of implementing E learning system and to analyze the role of organizational culture. Besides, frequencies of more influential barriers have been generated to validate the barriers and cultural role in implementation process.2.7 Method CritiqueDue to the limitation of time, a limited number of articles have been used to formulate the frequency to identify the critical barriers. It could be better to use more articles to strengthen our research as a number of studies have already been done in this area. However this study will desc ribe and analyze the critical barriers for the implementation of E-learning system related literature and to gain a theoretical background. It was also discovered during analysis of this study that most of the authors mentioned the critical factors with mere repetition with diverse definitions.3.0 Framework of ReferenceThis chapter discusses relevant theories to give the reader an understanding of the barriers which come across E-learning systems implementation processes cited by different authors.3.1 E-learning3.1.1 What is E-learning?E-learning can be defined as learning and communication exercises across computers and networks or electronic sources. (Wong, 2007 Schank, 2002 Roffe, 2002 Tsai Machado, 2002 Sambrook, 2003 Fry Wild, Grggs and Downing, 2002) have defined E-learning as delivery of training and education via networked interactivity and distribution technologies.According to Khan (2008), the word e-learning is used for an open, flexible, and diversed-learning environm ent. E-learning can be viewed as an innovative approach for delivering well designed, learner-centered, interactive, and facilitated learning environment to anyone, anyplace, anytime by utilizing the attributes and resources of various digital technologies along with other forms of learning materials suited for open, flexible, and distributed learning environment (Khan, 2008).In e-learning system Students are able to interact anytime from anywhere with different instructional material (text, sound, pictures, video and so on) through Internet. Furthermore, learners can even communicate with teachers and classmates both individually and as a group discussion with the use of message boards, instant message exchanges and video conferencing. (Al-Ammari and Hamad (2008) Andersson, 2009 Zhang and Zhou, 2003). (Lee, 2006) Therefore, E-learning has been defined variously, learning system using different carrying technologies and techniques like Computer Based Training (CBT), Internet-based t raining (IBT), Web-based instruction (WBI), distributed learning (DL), advanced distributed learning (ADL), distance learning, online learning (OL), mobile learning (or m-learning) or remote learning and learning management systems (LMS) (Khan, 2008).For managing learning environment like, registration of learners, scheduling learning resources, controlling and guidance of learning processes and analyzing learners performance are all accomplish in Learning Management System (LMS) (Gulatee and Combes, 2007 Brown, 2006).In 1970s and 1980s distance learning started becoming popular and sued to conduct through postal mail but in 1990s the rise of World Wide Web changed the nature distance learning. With the use of this technology learners can get a number of resources from their teachers like discussion forums, multimedia, chat, video conferencing and electronic black boards.These changes which have been brought in distance education are an attempt to provide easier access to students w ho live very far from universities, who are working or have other reasons for not being able to attend in person. In the US in the academic year 2001-2, five million people took at least one course online, and three million were enrolled in online degree programs (Gulatee and Combes, 2007 Kazmer Haythornthwaite, 2005, p.7). It can be seen in these figures that distance education online has become a popular alternative to face-to-face instruction.3.2 Implementation of E-learningOne of the following three approaches is necessary for the implementation of the e-learning system To strengthen the traditional face-to-face courses with support of new communication technology, enhancement of learning experience with in traditional courses by integration of online activities and delivery of entirely online courses. In this implementation the readiness of some influential factors like budgeting, infrastructure planning, human resource development (experience, skills, knowledge and attitude o f the end users) are most common.Uhomoibhi (2006) stated that E-learning initiators, institutions must use and prepare strategies for adoption, diffusion and implementation. For a successful implementation of online environment where learners can actively learn and get support from well-organized approach is mandatory. Processes of planning, designing, development and evaluation are all parts of a successful implementation that could help to lower down the barriers of implementation. An e-learning system can only be successful if it is significant to all stakeholders e.g. instructors, learners support services staff and the institutions itself.In order for learners to become quickly accustomed to E-learning, it must be made sure that it is easily accessible, efficient, well designed course, affordable, and has a facilitated learning environment. Instructors must feel a sense of accomplishment when learners meet the goals and objectives of the course in a successful way. Technical su pport staff should feel happy when learners receive reliable services without interruptions. One of the most important factors for institutions is the profit they earn as well as the satisfaction of the learner and a low rate of dropouts (Khan, 2005).A strong foundation is required in order to have an effective implementation of E learning. Aligning and communication are two important factors in implementation of e learning system. It is necessary to make sure the communication is in order. Involvement of key stakeholders at the decision making stage or any other early process is very important. Communication is also important for those who are directly responsible for the implementation and professionals also suggest a horizontal leadership style so that everyone is responsible for their actions. This includes individuals who are critical to the implementations success which include line, functional and divisional leaders. There should be consistent scheduled meetings with these in dividuals to discuss the newly arising issues in the project to come up with a solution. Most of the pitfalls of e-learning are tied to technological issues so it is important to involve IT leadership throughout the project to mitigate the problems in implementation process. Creation of helpdesk for reporting of IT related issues is more important. While selecting the vendors it is important to make sure that the vendors have an outstanding and proven record. Strong communication and feedback from vendors is a necessary step for a successful implementation.3.3 An overview of the critical issues in E-learning implementationWorldwide, E-learning arises as a new paradigm of advance education with a growing rate of 36.5% in the market, but still failures exist. As many companies are moving very fast to the adoption of e-learning in order to reap its benefits but they are facing significant barriers in its implementation and adoption, which leads them to implementation failure.(http//www .citeulike.org/user/jdellano/article/5315881) (Simmons, 2002, p.19). (Mungania, 2003)Hence, to mitigate this failure we have to investigate key factors that encompass different dimensions of an open, flexible and advanced distributed learning environment for diverse learners (Khan, 2005). Literature has mentioned a wide range of factors that can influence the successful implementation of e-learning e.g. some talks about pedagogical issues, faculty issues and organizational issues while some may have discussed about personal issues, cultural issues and some other issues. A broad range of factors that can influence the success of e-learning environments has been mentioned in the literature. However, there is no organized work to characterize collective group of most influential issues or factors, which could be seen as barriers. (Successful wala article)Distinct authors consider different barriers as most influential in implementation of e-learning.Wong (2007) has categorized e-learni ng limitations in three main areas technological limitations, personal issues and other limitations. The lack of hardware, limited Internet coverage and low bandwidth are all consider as technological barriers in implementation of e learning. (Wong, 2007 Kathawala, Abdou, Elmulti, 2002 Hiltz, 1997).(Chadha Kumail, 2002, p.28).Roy (1996, p.9) // where u use this referencePersonal issues are mostly related to learners and teachers. Teachers should give a complete guidance to the learners about this new and non-traditional system to prepare new learners psychologically (Wong, 2007 Kember et al., 2001 Dearnley, 2003). For learners the use of new technologies could be a disadvantage or barrier in e learning. So the lack information, communication and technological skills might be barriers to e- learning because learners could get frustrated from this unconventional learning environment.(Wong, 2007 Carr, 1999 Hamid, 2002 Angelina, 2002a, p.12)The freedom provided by E-learning could b e a disadvantage for the learners as internal motivation and self discipline is required at its maximum which learners may find hard to achieve in order to complete their studies or assignments in time. As (Wong, 2007 Kearsley, 2000) Schott et al., 2003 Rivera and Rice, 2002 Abouchedid and Eid, 2004).In e-learning environment students are usually supposed to communicate in a text based environment so learners poor writing skills might be a disadvantage in e learning. Therefore, the inability of communicating efficiently of learners could create misunderstandings (Wong, 2007 Smith Rupp, 2004). Others limitations e-learning provides 247 access. This infinite work might be a disadvantage for learners and particularly for teachers. This unlimited work could over stress teachers, resulting in a low quality services from instructors.(Abdou Elmulti, 2002. Dringus, 2003 Newton, 2003 Kathawala, Schifter, 2004).Poor course design could appear a major barrier in implementation of e learning as it could frustrate the learners and teachers. (Young Bal, 2003 Smulders, 2003 Howell, Williams Lindsay 2003 Gordon, Young Bal, 2003 Svensson, 2004 Ivergard Hunt, 2005). Cronje (2009) sees some influential barriers such as student barriers are related to lack of financial support from their families and cooperation among peers and from teachers (Cronje, 2009 Galusha, 1997). Faculty barriers the lack of funds is the most important one. Institutes attitude towards the lecturers that some time seems less prominent among their peers is considered another important barrier in successful e learning (Cronje, 2009 Galusha, 1997). Organizational barriers poor funding for three major costs areas are considered more crucial barriers e.g. Initial costs of the implementation process, maintenance and up gradation.Course barriers course design is regarded as most important one. Poor course design is one of reasons of inferiority of Distance learning. Conversion of teaching context in to ele ctronic shape could not add any value to e learning (Cronje, 2009 Galusha, 1997)Boondao et al (2008) mentioned, It is not possible, in the view of some scholars, to create a model of the good teacher without taking issues of culture and context into account.The influence of culture cannot be ignored in successful implementation of e learning. Considering learners from different culture e.g. east and west, learners from both cultures have particular approaches and styles of learning. Therefore, lack of consideration of cultural issues during designing could prove as a barrier in successful implementation of e learning (Boondao et al, 2008).3.4 Discussing the different critical barriers3.4.1 A Framework for E-LearningThese days an escalating amount of companies are implementing E-learning System (Mungania, 2003).. But as these companies try to take advantages of E-learning to gain strategic and competitive advantages in absolute urgency, there are significant number barriers to the im plementation of E-learning come across to halt them (Simmons, 2002, p.19 and Mungania, (2003). As E-learning barriers are diverse and may include as personal, organizational, situational, instructional, and technological barriers. (Mungania, 2003) Moreover khans E- learning framework provides details on critical issues which may come cross E learning implementation process. Khans E-learning framework composed of eight dimensions institutional, management, technological, pedagogical, ethical, interface design, resource support, and evaluation.3.1 Institutional IssuesInstitutions need to build a complete plan for the successful implantation of E learning system (Khan 2005, p.23).Moreover Childs et al (2005) stated that institution should focus on cultural aspects for the implementation process of E learning system which have a significant effect upon the success of E learning process (Cronje,2009). E-learning needs to be integrated to all departments of the institution therefore a str ong comment needed from the institution and the trainers Childs et al (2005). Moreover, E-learning implementation plan must be fully aligned with the institutions missions and strategic plans (Galusha , 1997 Belanger and Jordan, 2000). Therefore e-learning implementation process is paradigm shift for the institution as a whole which includes learners, instructors, administrators, technical and other support services staff (Romiszowski, 2004).To support institutions in strategic planning, change management and process development that are necessary to highlight their embedding process and issues which may occur in their organization (Childs et al (2005) and Khan 2005,p.23). Khan has divided institution issue into three parts administrative affairs, Academic affairs and Student services (Khan 2005,p. 24 ). Administrative affairs which includes organization and change (implementation of E learning system), budgeting and ROI , course information catalog, financial aid, course schedule, tuition and fees, registration and payment, information technology services, instructional design, whereas Academic affairs issues such as policies, instructional quality, faculty and staff support, intellectual property rights and so on (Khan 2005,p. 24 ). Moreover Student services deals with student support services for e-learning effectiveness. Some of the institutional related issues are mentioned belowNeeds AssessmentNeeds analysis will assist institutions to examine the needs for their e-learning plan and establish its e-learning goals. (Khan 2005,p. 24 , Sue Childs et al.2005)Readiness AssessmentReadiness Assessment critical factors should be considered are e-learning must be Open, flexible and distributed. There are three basic types of readiness Financial Readiness which defines whether its e-learning initiative investment importance, Infrastructural readiness readiness which includes human resource readiness, equipment readiness, and technological skill readiness and cultu ral which are preferences of Learners instructors and the existing learning culture (Khan 2005, p.25).Organizational changeE-learning engages a change of model to some level, a change in how you deal with knowledge and its information in organization (Khan 2005, p. 26 and Sue Childs et al.2005).Budgeting and return on investmentInstitutions should do costing before, during, and after the implementation of e-learning so that they are able to analyze return on investment and benefits of e Learning (Romiszowski, 2004 and Khan 2005, p.28-29).Program and course information catalogInstitution should provide precise information about their courses, schedule and fees etc (Mungania 2003, Khan 2005, p.30).Financial AidFinancial aid services should be provided to support learners by using technological and human support services (Khan 2005, p.32).PoliciesInstitutional e-learning policies must be communicated to all groups including instructors, learners, and support staff (Khan 2005, p. 35).In structional QualityInstructional quality in e-learning creates meaningful learning environment (Khan 2005,p. 35, Muilenburg and Berge (2005), Gulatee and Combes (2007), Lum (2006), Park and Choi (2009).Faculty and Staff supportFor effective e learning instructor, faculty members as well as supporting staff should receive proper training to support the learners (Khan 2005, p.41).Intellectual property rightsInstitutions must give information to the learners, as well instructors about intellectual property rights (Khan 2005, p. 39).Learning Skills DevelopmentWell-designed learners guide can help those learners, supporting staff how have no experience with open, distributed and flexible learning environment which includes Library, Tutorial Services, and Support Network (Khan 2005, p. 39) ), Wong (2007).3.2Management issues(Magalhaes, 2008) stated that lack of management support is number one barriers towards successful implementation of E learning system in institution. Management issue s of e-learning in organization ref