Barriers to Implementing E-learning System in Organizations

Barriers to Implementing E- training corpse in Organizations1.0 General entry/backgroundThis chapter deals with oecumenical introduction and the background of the investigate atomic quash 18a. It also contains the problem statement, objectives/ offer, look into interrogative, and the organize of the thesis.In to age world of globalization, cognition and erudition is grappleed head-nigh vital comp peer slightnt for acquiring competitive advantage (Longworth and Davies, 1996). For deducting competitive advantage firms and institutions be congruous to a greater extent k in a flashledge intensive, on that pointfore they concent compute on managing and sharing knowledge to contact probatory advantage of this knowledge (Hertog and Sluijs, 1995).Traditional nuance sprint has remained legitimate with protrude each swops been made to the st esteemgy. This has en adequated a large bet of creative thinkers to forge opposite practical educational cash advancees th at could benefit the placement (Gnes, 2008). On the assorted hand, technology is necessary in order to conquer, scarce it also a demand to remain in competition. All the sectors, whether it is primary, manufacturing or tertiary, solely(prenominal) of them impart been constrained to accept technology to be hap innovative and efficient (Gnes, 2008). engineering science has non only radic wholey replaced the styles and rules of our works further is now first gear to transform the education strategy (Webster and Murphy, 2008).With the theatrical type of net in survey technologies, firms and institutions c in all up let onstanding opportunities to deliver education and varied training techniques through strategical call of internet technologies (Lee, 2006 Kaohsiung Taiwan, 2006). The usance of Internet technologies combined with suitable t apieceing strategies assists to set aside an open, bendable and dynamic training environs. As a stop over more co rporations, government agencies and donnish institutions worldwide bring on increased the consumption of internet and educational technologies to deliver counsellings and provide training. This innovative progression of delivering testifyation and education is known as E- development ( khan, 2008). E- larn burn be simply delimit as the way of encyclopaedism which delivers its contents through founding massive Web (Guformer(a)e and Combes, 2007). Sharifabadi show uplined e- care as the term usance to recognize training and pick upedness mental imagerys or experiences that is, in virtually way, delivered electronically. (Gulatee and Combes, 2007 Sharifabadi, 2006, p.391).E- learn is a way of inter activity through electronic mediums, mainly computers, by development idiot boxs, photos, texts and sounds for evident educational points (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). E- schooling corpse wees a accomplishment opportunity for the thingummy of those who dont aim the opportunity to be physically acquirable due to miscellaneous reasons (Gulatee and Combes, 2007 Werry, 2002). Hence, during the late mid-nineties and early 2000 umpteen virtual universities were established and more than universities were crack online flights, but mixed results of the e information trunks were encountered (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). Different inquiryes turn issue pointed out m any(prenominal) obstacles in e studys capital punishment, which go past to its also-ran. For example scientific infrastructure, consort content musical note, finance deport, learners computing skills, mental faculty training, eradicatement funding and arrangements kitchen-gardening apology (Romiszowski, 2003, Childs et al, 2005, Muilenburg and Berge, 2005).Organizations ethnic resistance is look ated as the most authoritative parapet in e readings work serve rise up. The elaborations resistance or resistance from the authority users negatively affects the slaying solve. Un leadingness of the employees quarter create major(ip) problems for the managers and so-and-so lead to the transcription failure (Shields and Young, 1989, p. 22). Employees resistance and avoiding of the use of inevitable procedures and rules could lead the form to failure even if it has been developed perfectly and is specify to use (Malmi, 1997, p. 475). In this wink the managers good deal non gain full benefits of the current schema unless they can create a change in the employees location (Yates, 1997, p. 164). heathen differences among peers could create many problems in slaying of e learning agreement. Thitherfore, if the ethnic issues argon overlooked during instruction execution, their ignorance could act as a vital barrier in e learnings victory. (AL-Hunaiyyan et al, 2008 Gujar and Sonone, 2004)1.1 Problem statementThere argon distinct members and books available in the market which mention most the usefulness and advantages of E le arning. Web- ground learning is a saucy medium of knowledge technology inquiry workers pay off mentioned many diverse factors which act as barriers towards implementing E-learning system (Ngai et al., 2007). There atomic number 18 diametrical factors cited by discordant authors which exist in their enquiry cover that can booster us to target critical barriers. In make forition, we be implicated in finding out, to which extent an brass instrument is qualified on the occasion of its enculturation, and how gloss can lead to success or failure of the E-learning system. It should be noted that culture has a great impact in institutions and be of the essence(p) when conclusiveness devising is involved in IT counselling. In this regard, an organization is s facilitate to be confronted with stiff resistance, consequently making IT management a difficult task (Childs et al, 2005). To overcome the barriers for implementing E learning, an organization should strive and manage these barriers consortly because they ar critical to any organizations general headache sham and can equally affect the organizations decision making make for.1.2 query questionWhat atomic number 18 the critical barriers of implementing e-learning system and what is the sh ar of organizational culture in boffo delighting out of E-learning system?1.3 Objectives and Purpose of the ResearchThe purpose of this look for is to divulge and die the critical factors which may affect the slaying of e-learning system. canvass the barriers of implementing e-learning system would help to cut megabucks down the barriers in rising carrying out. unless by examining the heathen put to work of an organization towards e-learning systems carrying into action lick, it exit be easier to identify a thoroughgoing(a) outline for organizations to implement E tuition system and to consider the system work efficiently and palmyly.1.4 dissertation programmeThe struct ure of the thesis is principally foc utilize on sextuplet chapters which implicateChapter 1 Introduction/BackgroundThe Introduction set aparts brief over suppose of the query topic, including the purpose and objectives, problems and search question.Chapter 2 Research Design/ mannersThis chapter deals with the selection of topic, research run which indicates how these infos will be analyzed, entropy collection, validity and reliability, and method critique.Chapter 3 mannequin of referenceThis chapter discusses relevant theories to give the reader an understanding of the barriers which come crosswise E learning systems performance processes cited by variant authors.Chapter 4 FindingsThis chapter provides frequencies of different barriers for implementing E learning system described by different authors.Chapter 5 abstractThis chapter will describe the compendium based on the findings.Chapter 6 ConclusionsThis section finally concludes the lessons bony from the findings2.0 Research Design/MethodsThis chapter deals with the choice of topic, research process which indicates how these informations will be analyzed, data collection, validity and reliability, and method critique.2.1 survival of Topic pekan (2007, p.31-33) suggested that authors should choose research argona according to their interests, so they remain motivated and committed to have a go at it the purpose. The authors belong to Pakistan, where E-learning system is not much in practiced in organizations. While, e learning system is already in use in Sweden, we found that E-learning system is a proficient tool in learning process. Therefore, it was quite challenging for us to explore this topic. In addition, we were interested in finding out the barriers for implementation of E-learning system and to investigate the role of organizations culture for self-made implementation of E-learning system. fisher cat (2007, p.31-33) urges that chosen topic should be accessible and it is nece ssary to fixate true that quite lit is available for making detail analysis. We be received that our topic is enough interesting, pregnant and demanding for all researchers, businesses managers and Information engine room centering scholarly persons.2.2 Research ProcessThere atomic number 18 various methodological approaches to carry out research i.e. Realist research, exploratory research, critical realism, standpoint research, action research and phenomenology etc, fisher (2007, p.15). In addition, Fisher (2007, p.153-155) mentioned ii graciouss of discoveries e.g. Explorers and Surveyors. A kind of research where an open approach is apply with conceptual framework but the authors argon not genuine about outcomes and results of the work they do, is called exploratory research. On the an opposite(prenominal)wise hand surveyors discoin truth approach is pre-structured where surveyors be already inform of the results and out come of their work. fit to these concept s our research is exploratory as we are dependent on secondary data.2.3 information Collection and sourceFisher (2007, p. 45) states that data could be collected from existing databases, through questionnaires, withdrawing fieldwork or performing fortune studies as it depends on the kind of research. In this research absolute data has been collected from available databases as the research is entirely based on secondary data collection method. here and nowary source has been used in this research. The data was extracted from articles, books and websites, magazines, journals and articles with focus on critical barriers to e learning implementation.Fisher stated that (2007, P.158-161) data could be qualitative or decimal depending on the method of research fill. A quantitative approach has been used here in this research. No statistics has been used in this research and as all research has been analyzed by phrases not figures.2.4 vex of informationSecondary data has extracted from different sources. The required literature has been acquired by scrutinizing Mlardalen Universitys library. Furthermore, we crap used online library (ebrary) as sanitary as former(a)wise librarys database much(prenominal) as Elin, Emerald, Eric and EBSCO for articles and journals, which clear helped us to coiffe our research query. Going through a wide-ranging literature review, twenty quin articles were identified that give answer to the research question from distinct angles. To identify the barriers to carrying into action of E-learning system, keyword search criteria based on title contained Barriers of E learning system implementation, Implications of E learning system in organizations, Implementation of E learning system in large organization, Challenges of E learning Implementation, Limitations of E learning System,To describe and analyze the role of organizations culture for successful implementation of E-learning system in organization, keyword search criter ia contained heathen issues of E disposition system, Cultural Influence on online Learning, Cultural influence on bookman learning, Analyzing cultural Influences on E learning Transactional Issue, Cultural difference and influence on E learning, Social and cultural impact on e learning Effectiveness, A cultural Analysis of relearning for developed and developing countries, picky and multicultural issues for e learning success, Influence of organizational cultural in E learning, Organizational resistance towards implementing E learning system.2.5 selective information AnalysisAccording to Miles and Huberman (1994) the data analysis consists of three parallel fdepressions of activity (1) Data decrement, (2) Data display, and (3) Conclusion drawing/verification (p. 10). Furthermore they suggested that data analysis components could be success to the full merged during data analysis, as it is an iterative and regular process (Miles and Huberman 1994). They ware stated three compo nents of activities that describe analysis which are for the first time is data reduction that is focused on selection, simplification and faulting of data (Miles and Huberman 1994). This process is applied in qualitative data. The objective of this is data is to help drawing final destruction and verification.In this study data is interpreted from the studies where authors cited barriers to implement E-learning with focus on cultural resistance in an organization. Second is data display i.e. data reduced in data reduction unavoidably to be organized that help to draw conclusion soft. In table mentioned below, different factors link to critical barriers to implementation of E-learning system and the role of organizations culture is given below on with the frequency of each factor. trey is the conclusion based on drawing/verifying describes the possible explanations, causal flows and propositions to be made. Therefore based on the findings and discussed analysis, conclusions would be drawn to imply the classical role of organizations culture towards the implementation processThe in a higher place position is used for the analysis of this research. nevertheless, this analysis emphasizes more on canvas various authors view on to analyze and describe the critical barriers and role of culture to employ E-learning system in organizations.2.6 hardihood and ReliabilityValidity is be as the degree which researchers exact measured what they have erect out to measure (Kumar, 2005) whereas reliability means the extent to which another researcher can reach the equivalent conclusion by following the same research process (Taylor et al., 2006).Several articles have been used to identify the barriers of implementing E learning system and to analyze the role of organizational culture. Besides, frequencies of more prestigious barriers have been generated to validate the barriers and cultural role in implementation process.2.7 Method go overDue to the limit ation of time, a limited number of articles have been used to formulate the frequency to identify the critical barriers. It could be discontinue to use more articles to strengthen our research as a number of studies have already been done in this area. However this study will describe and analyze the critical barriers for the implementation of E-learning system related literature and to gain a theoretical background. It was also discovered during analysis of this study that most of the authors mentioned the critical factors with mere repetition with diverse definitions.3.0 exemplar of speechThis chapter discusses relevant theories to give the reader an understanding of the barriers which come across E-learning systems implementation processes cited by different authors.3.1 E-learning3.1.1 What is E-learning?E-learning can be defined as learning and converse exercises across computers and networks or electronic sources. (Wong, 2007 Schank, 2002 Roffe, 2002 Tsai Machado, 2002 S ambrook, 2003 Fry Wild, Grggs and Downing, 2002) have defined E-learning as legal transfer of training and education via networked interactivity and distribution technologies.According to caravansary (2008), the word e-learning is used for an open, flexible, and diversed-learning purlieu. E-learning can be viewed as an innovative approach for delivering intumesce designed, learner-centered, interactive, and facilitated learning surround to anyone, anyplace, anytime by utilizing the attributes and resources of various digital technologies along with other forms of learning naturals suited for open, flexible, and distributed learning environment (Khan, 2008).In e-learning system Students are able to interact anytime from anywhere with different instructional material (text, sound, pictures, moving-picture show and so on) through Internet. Furthermore, learners can even communicate with instructors and classmates round(prenominal) independently and as a group backchat with th e use of sum boards, instant message exchanges and video conferencing. (Al-Ammari and Hamad (2008) Andersson, 2009 Zhang and Zhou, 2003). (Lee, 2006) Therefore, E-learning has been defined variously, learning system victimisation different carrying technologies and techniques analogous Computer Based Training (CBT), Internet-based training (IBT), Web-based instruction (WBI), distributed learning (DL), advanced distributed learning (ADL), distance learning, online learning (OL), mobile learning (or m-learning) or remote learning and learning management systems (LMS) (Khan, 2008).For managing learning environment like, adjustment of learners, scheduling learning resources, controlling and guidance of learning processes and analyzing learners performance are all accomplish in Learning Management System (LMS) (Gulatee and Combes, 2007 Brown, 2006).In 1970s and 1980s distance learning started becoming favorite and sued to conduct through postal mail but in 1990s the build up of Wor ld Wide Web changed the nature distance learning. With the use of this technology learners can get a number of resources from their teachers like discussion forums, multimedia, chat, video conferencing and electronic b lose boards.These changes which have been brought in distance education are an attempt to provide easier access to school-age childs who live real outlying(prenominal) from universities, who are working or have other reasons for not be able to attend in person. In the US in the academic yr 2001-2, five million people took at least one phase online, and three million were enrolled in online degree programs (Gulatee and Combes, 2007 Kazmer Haythornthwaite, 2005, p.7). It can be seen in these figures that distance education online has last a popular alternating(a) to personal instruction.3.2 Implementation of E-learningOne of the following three approaches is necessary for the implementation of the e-learning system To strengthen the traditional face-to-face c ontours with nurture of new conversation technology, enhancement of learning experience with in traditional courses by consolidation of online activities and delivery of entirely online courses. In this implementation the readiness of whatsoever influential factors like budgeting, infrastructure planning, homo resource development (experience, skills, knowledge and attitude of the end users) are most common.Uhomoibhi (2006) stated that E-learning initiators, institutions essential use and place strategies for adoption, diffusion and implementation. For a successful implementation of online environment where learners can actively learn and get life from well-organized approach is mandatory. Processes of planning, conniving, development and evaluation are all parts of a successful implementation that could help to lower down the barriers of implementation. An e-learning system can only be successful if it is significant to all s sellholders e.g. instructors, learners indor se service module and the institutions itself.In order for learners to become promptly accustomed to E-learning, it must be made sure that it is easily accessible, efficient, well designed course, affordable, and has a facilitated learning environment. Instructors must feel a intellect of accomplishment when learners meet the goals and objectives of the course in a successful way. skillful control module should feel happy when learners receive bona fide work without interruptions. One of the most important factors for institutions is the profit they earn as well as the satisfaction of the learner and a low rate of dropouts (Khan, 2005).A strong foundation is required in order to have an impelling implementation of E learning. Aligning and communication are two important factors in implementation of e learning system. It is necessary to make sure the communication is in order. Involvement of key stakeholders at the decision making stage or any other early process is very im portant. Communication is also important for those who are directly liable for the implementation and professionals also suggest a horizontal leadership style so that everyone is responsible for their actions. This includes individuals who are critical to the implementations success which include line, in operation(p) and divisional leaders. There should be consistent scheduled meetings with these individuals to discuss the impudently arising issues in the project to come up with a solution. Most of the pitfalls of e-learning are even to scientific issues so it is important to involve IT leadership passim the project to mitigate the problems in implementation process. Creation of helpdesk for report of IT related issues is more important. While selecting the vendors it is important to make sure that the vendors have an salient and proven record. Strong communication and feedback from vendors is a necessary grade for a successful implementation.3.3 An overview of the critical issues in E-learning implementationWorldwide, E-learning arises as a new prototype of advance education with a growing rate of 36.5% in the market, but still failures exist. As many companies are touching very fast to the adoption of e-learning in order to reap its benefits but they are facing significant barriers in its implementation and adoption, which leads them to implementation failure.(http//www.citeulike.org/user/jdellano/article/5315881) (Simmons, 2002, p.19). (Mungania, 2003)Hence, to mitigate this failure we have to investigate key factors that continue different dimensions of an open, flexible and advanced distributed learning environment for diverse learners (Khan, 2005). belles-lettres has mentioned a wide range of factors that can influence the successful implementation of e-learning e.g. some(prenominal) talks about pedagogical issues, faculty issues and organizational issues temporary hookup some may have discussed about personal issues, cultural issues and s ome other issues. A broad range of factors that can influence the success of e-learning environments has been mentioned in the literature. However, there is no organized work to characterize incarnate group of most influential issues or factors, which could be seen as barriers. (Successful wala article) trenchant authors consider different barriers as most influential in implementation of e-learning.Wong (2007) has categorised e-learning limitations in three main areas expert limitations, personal issues and other limitations. The deficiency of hardware, limited Internet coverage and low bandwidth are all consider as technological barriers in implementation of e learning. (Wong, 2007 Kathawala, Abdou, Elmulti, 2002 Hiltz, 1997).(Chadha Kumail, 2002, p.28).Roy (1996, p.9) // where u use this referencePersonal issues are mostly related to learners and teachers. Teachers should give a complete guidance to the learners about this new and non-traditional system to rig new learner s psychologically (Wong, 2007 Kember et al., 2001 Dearnley, 2003). For learners the use of new technologies could be a detriment or barrier in e learning. So the lack information, communication and technological skills might be barriers to e- learning because learners could get forestalld from this wrongful learning environment.(Wong, 2007 Carr, 1999 Hamid, 2002 Angelina, 2002a, p.12)The freedom provided by E-learning could be a injustice for the learners as informal motivation and self discipline is required at its utmost which learners may find hard to achieve in order to complete their studies or assignments in time. As (Wong, 2007 Kearsley, 2000) Schott et al., 2003 Rivera and Rice, 2002 Abouchedid and Eid, 2004).In e-learning environment students are usually vatic to communicate in a text based environment so learners poor writing skills might be a disadvantage in e learning. Therefore, the inability of communicating efficiently of learners could create misunderstand ings (Wong, 2007 smith Rupp, 2004). Others limitations e-learning provides 247 access. This blank work might be a disadvantage for learners and peculiarly for teachers. This inexhaustible work could over stress teachers, resulting in a low quality services from instructors.(Abdou Elmulti, 2002. Dringus, 2003 Newton, 2003 Kathawala, Schifter, 2004). shortsighted course design could appear a major barrier in implementation of e learning as it could frustrate the learners and teachers. (Young Bal, 2003 Smulders, 2003 Howell, Williams Lindsay 2003 Gordon, Young Bal, 2003 Svensson, 2004 Ivergard Hunt, 2005). Cronje (2009) sees some influential barriers such as student barriers are related to lack of financial support from their families and cooperation among peers and from teachers (Cronje, 2009 Galusha, 1997). Faculty barriers the lack of coin is the most important one. Institutes attitude towards the lecturers that some time seems less swelled among their peers is considere d another important barrier in successful e learning (Cronje, 2009 Galusha, 1997). Organizational barriers poor funding for three major cost areas are considered more crucial barriers e.g. Initial costs of the implementation process, aliment and up gradation.Course barriers course design is regarded as most important one. Poor course design is one of reasons of inferiority of Distance learning. revolution of principle context in to electronic shape could not add any value to e learning (Cronje, 2009 Galusha, 1997)Boondao et al (2008) mentioned, It is not possible, in the view of some scholars, to create a model of the good teacher without pickings issues of culture and context into account.The influence of culture cannot be neglected in successful implementation of e learning. Considering learners from different culture e.g. east and west, learners from both cultures have particular approaches and styles of learning. Therefore, lack of consideration of cultural issues during des igning could prove as a barrier in successful implementation of e learning (Boondao et al, 2008).3.4 Discussing the different critical barriers3.4.1 A Framework for E-LearningThese days an escalating amount of companies are implementing E-learning System (Mungania, 2003).. But as these companies turn up to take advantages of E-learning to gain strategic and competitive advantages in absolute urgency, there are significant number barriers to the implementation of E-learning come across to give them (Simmons, 2002, p.19 and Mungania, (2003). As E-learning barriers are diverse and may include as personal, organizational, situational, instructional, and technological barriers. (Mungania, 2003) Moreover khans E- learning framework provides details on critical issues which may come cross E learning implementation process. Khans E-learning framework undisturbed of viii dimensions institutional, management, technological, pedagogical, ethical, interface design, resource support, and eva luation.3.1 Institutional IssuesInstitutions need to build a complete plan for the successful implantation of E learning system (Khan 2005, p.23).Moreover Childs et al (2005) stated that institution should focus on cultural aspects for the implementation process of E learning system which have a significant proceeds upon the success of E learning process (Cronje,2009). E-learning needs to be integrated to all departments of the institution therefore a strong chitchat postulate from the institution and the trainers Childs et al (2005). Moreover, E-learning implementation plan must be fully aligned with the institutions missions and strategic plans (Galusha , 1997 Belanger and Jordan, 2000). Therefore e-learning implementation process is paradigm rouse for the institution as a whole which includes learners, instructors, administrators, technical and other support services staff (Romiszowski, 2004).To support institutions in strategic planning, change management and process develop ment that are necessary to highlight their embedding process and issues which may occur in their organization (Childs et al (2005) and Khan 2005,p.23). Khan has divided institution issue into three parts administrative personal matters, pedantic personal matters and Student services (Khan 2005,p. 24 ). Administrative affairs which includes organization and change (implementation of E learning system), budgeting and ROI , course information catalog, financial aid, course schedule, tuition and fees, registration and payment, information technology services, instructional design, whereas Academic affairs issues such as policies, instructional quality, faculty and staff support, talented retention rights and so on (Khan 2005,p. 24 ). Moreover Student services deals with student support services for e-learning rough-and-readyness. Some of the institutional related issues are mentioned below involve judgmentNeeds analysis will assist institutions to demonstrate the needs for thei r e-learning plan and establish its e-learning goals. (Khan 2005,p. 24 , Sue Childs et al.2005) ingenuity Assessmentplanning Assessment critical factors should be considered are e-learning must be Open, flexible and distributed. There are three basic types of readiness financial Readiness which defines whether its e-learning initiative investment importance, Infrastructural readiness readiness which includes human resource readiness, equipment readiness, and technological skill readiness and cultural which are preferences of Learners instructors and the existing learning culture (Khan 2005, p.25).Organizational changeE-learning engages a change of model to some level, a change in how you deal with knowledge and its information in organization (Khan 2005, p. 26 and Sue Childs et al.2005).Budgeting and pay back on investmentInstitutions should do cost before, during, and after the implementation of e-learning so that they are able to analyze return on investment and benefits of e Le arning (Romiszowski, 2004 and Khan 2005, p.28-29). curriculum and course information catalogInstitution should provide precise information about their courses, schedule and fees etc (Mungania 2003, Khan 2005, p.30).Financial AidFinancial aid services should be provided to support learners by using technological and human support services (Khan 2005, p.32).PoliciesInstitutional e-learning policies must be communicated to all groups including instructors, learners, and support staff (Khan 2005, p. 35).Instructional QualityInstructional quality in e-learning creates meaningful learning environment (Khan 2005,p. 35, Muilenburg and Berge (2005), Gulatee and Combes (2007), Lum (2006), Park and Choi (2009).Faculty and Staff supportFor effective e learning instructor, faculty members as well as financial support staff should receive proper training to support the learners (Khan 2005, p.41).Intellectual attribute rightsInstitutions must give information to the learners, as well instructors about intellectual airplane propeller rights (Khan 2005, p. 39).Learning Skills DevelopmentWell-designed learners guide can help those learners, funding staff how have no experience with open, distributed and flexible learning environment which includes Library, tutorial Services, and Support Network (Khan 2005, p. 39) ), Wong (2007).3.2Management issues(Magalhaes, 2008) stated that lack of management support is number one barriers towards successful implementation of E learning system in institution. Management issues of e-learning in organization refBarriers to Implementing E-learning System in OrganizationsBarriers to Implementing E-learning System in Organizations1.0 General introduction/backgroundThis chapter deals with general introduction and the background of the research area. It also contains the problem statement, objectives/purpose, research question, and the structure of the thesis.In todays world of globalization, knowledge and learning is considered most vital eleme nt for acquiring competitive advantage (Longworth and Davies, 1996). For gaining competitive advantage firms and institutions are becoming more knowledge intensive, therefore they concentrate on managing and sharing knowledge to gain significant advantage of this knowledge (Hertog and Sluijs, 1995).Traditional education style has remained consistent without any changes been made to the system. This has enabled a large number of creative thinkers to ponder other possible educational approaches that could benefit the system (Gnes, 2008). On the other hand, technology is necessary in order to conquer, but it also a necessity to remain in competition. All the sectors, whether it is primary, manufacturing or tertiary, all of them have been forced to accept technology to become innovative and efficient (Gnes, 2008).Technology has not only radically changed the ways and methods of our works but is now beginning to transform the education system (Webster and Murphy, 2008).With the use of in ternet technologies, firms and institutions have outstanding opportunities to deliver education and different training techniques through strategic use of internet technologies (Lee, 2006 Kaohsiung Taiwan, 2006). The use of Internet technologies combined with suitable learning strategies assists to provide an open, flexible and dynamic learning environment. As a result many corporations, government agencies and academic institutions worldwide have increased the use of internet and educational technologies to deliver instructions and provide training. This innovative approach of delivering information and education is known as E-learning (Khan, 2008). E-learning can be simply defined as the way of learning which delivers its contents through World Wide Web (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). Sharifabadi defined e-learning as the term used to describe teaching and learning resources or experiences that is, in some way, delivered electronically. (Gulatee and Combes, 2007 Sharifabadi, 2006, p.3 91).E-learning is a way of interaction through electronic mediums, mainly computers, by using videos, photos, texts and sounds for different educational purposes (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). E-learning system creates a learning opportunity for the convenience of those who dont have the opportunity to be physically available due to various reasons (Gulatee and Combes, 2007 Werry, 2002). Hence, during the late 1990s and early 2000 many virtual universities were established and more universities were offering online courses, but mixed results of the e learning systems were encountered (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). Different researches have pointed out many barriers in e learnings implementation, which lead to its failure. For example technological infrastructure, course content quality, finance support, learners computing skills, staff training, management support and organizations culture resistance (Romiszowski, 2003, Childs et al, 2005, Muilenburg and Berge, 2005).Organizations cultura l resistance is considered as the most influential barrier in e learnings implementation process. The cultures resistance or resistance from the potential users negatively affects the implementation process. Unwillingness of the employees can create major problems for the managers and can lead to the system failure (Shields and Young, 1989, p. 22). Employees resistance and avoiding of the use of required procedures and rules could lead the system to failure even if it has been developed perfectly and is ready to use (Malmi, 1997, p. 475). In this instant the managers cannot gain full benefits of the new system unless they can create a change in the employees attitude (Yates, 1997, p. 164). Cultural differences among peers could create many problems in implementation of e learning system. Therefore, if the cultural issues are overlooked during implementation, their ignorance could act as a vital barrier in e learnings success. (AL-Hunaiyyan et al, 2008 Gujar and Sonone, 2004)1.1 Prob lem statementThere are different articles and books available in the market which mention about the usefulness and advantages of E learning. Web-based learning is a new medium of information technology researchers have mentioned many different factors which act as barriers towards implementing E-learning system (Ngai et al., 2007). There are different factors cited by various authors which exist in their research papers that can help us to identify critical barriers. In addition, we are interested in finding out, to which extent an organization is dependent on the role of its culture, and how culture can lead to success or failure of the E-learning system. It should be noted that culture has a great impact in organizations and are important when decision making is involved in IT management. In this regard, an organization is said to be confronted with stiff resistance, consequently making IT management a difficult task (Childs et al, 2005). To overcome the barriers for implementing E learning, an organization should try and manage these barriers accordingly because they are critical to any organizations general business model and can equally affect the organizations decision making process.1.2 Research questionWhat are the critical barriers of implementing e-learning system and what is the role of organizational culture in successful implementation of E-learning system?1.3 Objectives and Purpose of the ResearchThe purpose of this research is to describe and analyze the critical factors which may affect the implementation of e-learning system. Investigating the barriers of implementing e-learning system would help to lower down the barriers in future implementation. Moreover by examining the cultural influence of an organization towards e-learning systems implementation process, it will be easier to identify a complete outline for organizations to implement E Learning system and to make the system work efficiently and successfully.1.4 Thesis designThe structure of the thesis is principally focused on six chapters which includeChapter 1 Introduction/BackgroundThe Introduction gives brief overview of the research topic, including the purpose and objectives, problems and research question.Chapter 2 Research Design/MethodsThis chapter deals with the choice of topic, research process which indicates how these datas will be analyzed, data collection, validity and reliability, and method critique.Chapter 3 Framework of referenceThis chapter discusses relevant theories to give the reader an understanding of the barriers which come across E learning systems implementation processes cited by different authors.Chapter 4 FindingsThis chapter provides frequencies of different barriers for implementing E learning system described by different authors.Chapter 5 AnalysisThis chapter will describe the analysis based on the findings.Chapter 6 ConclusionsThis section finally concludes the lessons drawn from the findings2.0 Research Design/MethodsThis chapte r deals with the choice of topic, research process which indicates how these datas will be analyzed, data collection, validity and reliability, and method critique.2.1 Choice of TopicFisher (2007, p.31-33) suggested that authors should choose research area according to their interests, so they remain motivated and committed to complete the project. The authors belong to Pakistan, where E-learning system is not much in practiced in organizations. While, e learning system is already in use in Sweden, we found that E-learning system is a proficient tool in learning process. Therefore, it was quite intriguing for us to explore this topic. In addition, we were interested in finding out the barriers for implementation of E-learning system and to investigate the role of organizations culture for successful implementation of E-learning system. Fisher (2007, p.31-33) urges that chosen topic should be accessible and it is necessary to make sure that quite literature is available for making de tail analysis. We are certain that our topic is enough interesting, significant and demanding for all researchers, businesses managers and Information Technology Management students.2.2 Research ProcessThere are various methodological approaches to carry out research i.e. Realist research, exploratory research, critical realism, standpoint research, action research and phenomenology etc, Fisher (2007, p.15). In addition, Fisher (2007, p.153-155) mentioned two kinds of discoveries e.g. Explorers and Surveyors. A kind of research where an open approach is used with conceptual framework but the authors are not sure about outcomes and results of the work they do, is called exploratory research. On the other hand surveyors discovery approach is pre-structured where surveyors are already inform of the results and out come of their work. According to these concepts our research is exploratory as we are dependent on secondary data.2.3 Data Collection and sourceFisher (2007, p. 45) states th at data could be collected from existing databases, through questionnaires, conducting fieldwork or performing case studies as it depends on the kind of research. In this research entire data has been collected from available databases as the research is entirely based on secondary data collection method. Secondary source has been used in this research. The data was extracted from articles, books and websites, magazines, journals and articles with focus on critical barriers to e learning implementation.Fisher stated that (2007, P.158-161) data could be qualitative or quantitative depending on the method of research study. A quantitative approach has been used here in this research. No statistics has been used in this research and as all research has been analyzed by words not figures.2.4 Access of informationSecondary data has extracted from different sources. The required literature has been acquired by searching Mlardalen Universitys library. Furthermore, we have used online libra ry (ebrary) as well as other librarys database such as Elin, Emerald, Eric and EBSCO for articles and journals, which have helped us to answer our research query. Going through a wide-ranging literature review, twenty five articles were identified that give answer to the research question from distinct angles. To identify the barriers to Implementation of E-learning system, keyword search criteria based on title contained Barriers of E learning system implementation, Implications of E learning system in organizations, Implementation of E learning system in large organization, Challenges of E learning Implementation, Limitations of E learning System,To describe and analyze the role of organizations culture for successful implementation of E-learning system in organization, keyword search criteria contained Cultural issues of E leaning system, Cultural Influence on online Learning, Cultural influence on student learning, Analyzing cultural Influences on E learning Transactional Issue, Cultural difference and influence on E learning, Social and cultural impact on e learning Effectiveness, A cultural Analysis of relearning for developed and developing countries, Cross and Multicultural issues for e learning success, Influence of organizational cultural in E learning, Organizational resistance towards implementing E learning system.2.5 Data AnalysisAccording to Miles and Huberman (1994) the data analysis consists of three parallel flows of activity (1) Data reduction, (2) Data display, and (3) Conclusion drawing/verification (p. 10). Furthermore they suggested that data analysis components could be successfully integrated during data analysis, as it is an iterative and continuous process (Miles and Huberman 1994). They have stated three components of activities that describe analysis which are First is data reduction that is focused on selection, simplification and transformation of data (Miles and Huberman 1994). This process is applied in qualitative data. The ob jective of this is data is to help drawing final conclusion and verification.In this study data is taken from the studies where authors cited barriers to implement E-learning with focus on cultural resistance in an organization. Second is data display i.e. data reduced in data reduction needs to be organized that help to draw conclusion easily. In table mentioned below, different factors related to critical barriers to implementation of E-learning system and the role of organizations culture is given below along with the frequency of each factor. Third is the conclusion based on drawing/verifying describes the possible explanations, causal flows and propositions to be made. Therefore based on the findings and discussed analysis, conclusions would be drawn to signify the influential role of organizations culture towards the implementation processThe above model is used for the analysis of this research. Moreover, this analysis emphasizes more on comparing various authors view on to a nalyze and describe the critical barriers and role of culture to employ E-learning system in organizations.2.6 Validity and ReliabilityValidity is defined as the degree which researchers have measured what they have set out to measure (Kumar, 2005) whereas reliability means the extent to which another researcher can reach the same conclusion by following the same research process (Taylor et al., 2006).Several articles have been used to identify the barriers of implementing E learning system and to analyze the role of organizational culture. Besides, frequencies of more influential barriers have been generated to validate the barriers and cultural role in implementation process.2.7 Method CritiqueDue to the limitation of time, a limited number of articles have been used to formulate the frequency to identify the critical barriers. It could be better to use more articles to strengthen our research as a number of studies have already been done in this area. However this study will desc ribe and analyze the critical barriers for the implementation of E-learning system related literature and to gain a theoretical background. It was also discovered during analysis of this study that most of the authors mentioned the critical factors with mere repetition with diverse definitions.3.0 Framework of ReferenceThis chapter discusses relevant theories to give the reader an understanding of the barriers which come across E-learning systems implementation processes cited by different authors.3.1 E-learning3.1.1 What is E-learning?E-learning can be defined as learning and communication exercises across computers and networks or electronic sources. (Wong, 2007 Schank, 2002 Roffe, 2002 Tsai Machado, 2002 Sambrook, 2003 Fry Wild, Grggs and Downing, 2002) have defined E-learning as delivery of training and education via networked interactivity and distribution technologies.According to Khan (2008), the word e-learning is used for an open, flexible, and diversed-learning environm ent. E-learning can be viewed as an innovative approach for delivering well designed, learner-centered, interactive, and facilitated learning environment to anyone, anyplace, anytime by utilizing the attributes and resources of various digital technologies along with other forms of learning materials suited for open, flexible, and distributed learning environment (Khan, 2008).In e-learning system Students are able to interact anytime from anywhere with different instructional material (text, sound, pictures, video and so on) through Internet. Furthermore, learners can even communicate with teachers and classmates both individually and as a group discussion with the use of message boards, instant message exchanges and video conferencing. (Al-Ammari and Hamad (2008) Andersson, 2009 Zhang and Zhou, 2003). (Lee, 2006) Therefore, E-learning has been defined variously, learning system using different carrying technologies and techniques like Computer Based Training (CBT), Internet-based t raining (IBT), Web-based instruction (WBI), distributed learning (DL), advanced distributed learning (ADL), distance learning, online learning (OL), mobile learning (or m-learning) or remote learning and learning management systems (LMS) (Khan, 2008).For managing learning environment like, registration of learners, scheduling learning resources, controlling and guidance of learning processes and analyzing learners performance are all accomplish in Learning Management System (LMS) (Gulatee and Combes, 2007 Brown, 2006).In 1970s and 1980s distance learning started becoming popular and sued to conduct through postal mail but in 1990s the rise of World Wide Web changed the nature distance learning. With the use of this technology learners can get a number of resources from their teachers like discussion forums, multimedia, chat, video conferencing and electronic black boards.These changes which have been brought in distance education are an attempt to provide easier access to students w ho live very far from universities, who are working or have other reasons for not being able to attend in person. In the US in the academic year 2001-2, five million people took at least one course online, and three million were enrolled in online degree programs (Gulatee and Combes, 2007 Kazmer Haythornthwaite, 2005, p.7). It can be seen in these figures that distance education online has become a popular alternative to face-to-face instruction.3.2 Implementation of E-learningOne of the following three approaches is necessary for the implementation of the e-learning system To strengthen the traditional face-to-face courses with support of new communication technology, enhancement of learning experience with in traditional courses by integration of online activities and delivery of entirely online courses. In this implementation the readiness of some influential factors like budgeting, infrastructure planning, human resource development (experience, skills, knowledge and attitude o f the end users) are most common.Uhomoibhi (2006) stated that E-learning initiators, institutions must use and prepare strategies for adoption, diffusion and implementation. For a successful implementation of online environment where learners can actively learn and get support from well-organized approach is mandatory. Processes of planning, designing, development and evaluation are all parts of a successful implementation that could help to lower down the barriers of implementation. An e-learning system can only be successful if it is significant to all stakeholders e.g. instructors, learners support services staff and the institutions itself.In order for learners to become quickly accustomed to E-learning, it must be made sure that it is easily accessible, efficient, well designed course, affordable, and has a facilitated learning environment. Instructors must feel a sense of accomplishment when learners meet the goals and objectives of the course in a successful way. Technical su pport staff should feel happy when learners receive reliable services without interruptions. One of the most important factors for institutions is the profit they earn as well as the satisfaction of the learner and a low rate of dropouts (Khan, 2005).A strong foundation is required in order to have an effective implementation of E learning. Aligning and communication are two important factors in implementation of e learning system. It is necessary to make sure the communication is in order. Involvement of key stakeholders at the decision making stage or any other early process is very important. Communication is also important for those who are directly responsible for the implementation and professionals also suggest a horizontal leadership style so that everyone is responsible for their actions. This includes individuals who are critical to the implementations success which include line, functional and divisional leaders. There should be consistent scheduled meetings with these in dividuals to discuss the newly arising issues in the project to come up with a solution. Most of the pitfalls of e-learning are tied to technological issues so it is important to involve IT leadership throughout the project to mitigate the problems in implementation process. Creation of helpdesk for reporting of IT related issues is more important. While selecting the vendors it is important to make sure that the vendors have an outstanding and proven record. Strong communication and feedback from vendors is a necessary step for a successful implementation.3.3 An overview of the critical issues in E-learning implementationWorldwide, E-learning arises as a new paradigm of advance education with a growing rate of 36.5% in the market, but still failures exist. As many companies are moving very fast to the adoption of e-learning in order to reap its benefits but they are facing significant barriers in its implementation and adoption, which leads them to implementation failure.(http//www .citeulike.org/user/jdellano/article/5315881) (Simmons, 2002, p.19). (Mungania, 2003)Hence, to mitigate this failure we have to investigate key factors that encompass different dimensions of an open, flexible and advanced distributed learning environment for diverse learners (Khan, 2005). Literature has mentioned a wide range of factors that can influence the successful implementation of e-learning e.g. some talks about pedagogical issues, faculty issues and organizational issues while some may have discussed about personal issues, cultural issues and some other issues. A broad range of factors that can influence the success of e-learning environments has been mentioned in the literature. However, there is no organized work to characterize collective group of most influential issues or factors, which could be seen as barriers. (Successful wala article)Distinct authors consider different barriers as most influential in implementation of e-learning.Wong (2007) has categorized e-learni ng limitations in three main areas technological limitations, personal issues and other limitations. The lack of hardware, limited Internet coverage and low bandwidth are all consider as technological barriers in implementation of e learning. (Wong, 2007 Kathawala, Abdou, Elmulti, 2002 Hiltz, 1997).(Chadha Kumail, 2002, p.28).Roy (1996, p.9) // where u use this referencePersonal issues are mostly related to learners and teachers. Teachers should give a complete guidance to the learners about this new and non-traditional system to prepare new learners psychologically (Wong, 2007 Kember et al., 2001 Dearnley, 2003). For learners the use of new technologies could be a disadvantage or barrier in e learning. So the lack information, communication and technological skills might be barriers to e- learning because learners could get frustrated from this unconventional learning environment.(Wong, 2007 Carr, 1999 Hamid, 2002 Angelina, 2002a, p.12)The freedom provided by E-learning could b e a disadvantage for the learners as internal motivation and self discipline is required at its maximum which learners may find hard to achieve in order to complete their studies or assignments in time. As (Wong, 2007 Kearsley, 2000) Schott et al., 2003 Rivera and Rice, 2002 Abouchedid and Eid, 2004).In e-learning environment students are usually supposed to communicate in a text based environment so learners poor writing skills might be a disadvantage in e learning. Therefore, the inability of communicating efficiently of learners could create misunderstandings (Wong, 2007 Smith Rupp, 2004). Others limitations e-learning provides 247 access. This infinite work might be a disadvantage for learners and particularly for teachers. This unlimited work could over stress teachers, resulting in a low quality services from instructors.(Abdou Elmulti, 2002. Dringus, 2003 Newton, 2003 Kathawala, Schifter, 2004).Poor course design could appear a major barrier in implementation of e learning as it could frustrate the learners and teachers. (Young Bal, 2003 Smulders, 2003 Howell, Williams Lindsay 2003 Gordon, Young Bal, 2003 Svensson, 2004 Ivergard Hunt, 2005). Cronje (2009) sees some influential barriers such as student barriers are related to lack of financial support from their families and cooperation among peers and from teachers (Cronje, 2009 Galusha, 1997). Faculty barriers the lack of funds is the most important one. Institutes attitude towards the lecturers that some time seems less prominent among their peers is considered another important barrier in successful e learning (Cronje, 2009 Galusha, 1997). Organizational barriers poor funding for three major costs areas are considered more crucial barriers e.g. Initial costs of the implementation process, maintenance and up gradation.Course barriers course design is regarded as most important one. Poor course design is one of reasons of inferiority of Distance learning. Conversion of teaching context in to ele ctronic shape could not add any value to e learning (Cronje, 2009 Galusha, 1997)Boondao et al (2008) mentioned, It is not possible, in the view of some scholars, to create a model of the good teacher without taking issues of culture and context into account.The influence of culture cannot be ignored in successful implementation of e learning. Considering learners from different culture e.g. east and west, learners from both cultures have particular approaches and styles of learning. Therefore, lack of consideration of cultural issues during designing could prove as a barrier in successful implementation of e learning (Boondao et al, 2008).3.4 Discussing the different critical barriers3.4.1 A Framework for E-LearningThese days an escalating amount of companies are implementing E-learning System (Mungania, 2003).. But as these companies try to take advantages of E-learning to gain strategic and competitive advantages in absolute urgency, there are significant number barriers to the im plementation of E-learning come across to halt them (Simmons, 2002, p.19 and Mungania, (2003). As E-learning barriers are diverse and may include as personal, organizational, situational, instructional, and technological barriers. (Mungania, 2003) Moreover khans E- learning framework provides details on critical issues which may come cross E learning implementation process. Khans E-learning framework composed of eight dimensions institutional, management, technological, pedagogical, ethical, interface design, resource support, and evaluation.3.1 Institutional IssuesInstitutions need to build a complete plan for the successful implantation of E learning system (Khan 2005, p.23).Moreover Childs et al (2005) stated that institution should focus on cultural aspects for the implementation process of E learning system which have a significant effect upon the success of E learning process (Cronje,2009). E-learning needs to be integrated to all departments of the institution therefore a str ong comment needed from the institution and the trainers Childs et al (2005). Moreover, E-learning implementation plan must be fully aligned with the institutions missions and strategic plans (Galusha , 1997 Belanger and Jordan, 2000). Therefore e-learning implementation process is paradigm shift for the institution as a whole which includes learners, instructors, administrators, technical and other support services staff (Romiszowski, 2004).To support institutions in strategic planning, change management and process development that are necessary to highlight their embedding process and issues which may occur in their organization (Childs et al (2005) and Khan 2005,p.23). Khan has divided institution issue into three parts administrative affairs, Academic affairs and Student services (Khan 2005,p. 24 ). Administrative affairs which includes organization and change (implementation of E learning system), budgeting and ROI , course information catalog, financial aid, course schedule, tuition and fees, registration and payment, information technology services, instructional design, whereas Academic affairs issues such as policies, instructional quality, faculty and staff support, intellectual property rights and so on (Khan 2005,p. 24 ). Moreover Student services deals with student support services for e-learning effectiveness. Some of the institutional related issues are mentioned belowNeeds AssessmentNeeds analysis will assist institutions to examine the needs for their e-learning plan and establish its e-learning goals. (Khan 2005,p. 24 , Sue Childs et al.2005)Readiness AssessmentReadiness Assessment critical factors should be considered are e-learning must be Open, flexible and distributed. There are three basic types of readiness Financial Readiness which defines whether its e-learning initiative investment importance, Infrastructural readiness readiness which includes human resource readiness, equipment readiness, and technological skill readiness and cultu ral which are preferences of Learners instructors and the existing learning culture (Khan 2005, p.25).Organizational changeE-learning engages a change of model to some level, a change in how you deal with knowledge and its information in organization (Khan 2005, p. 26 and Sue Childs et al.2005).Budgeting and return on investmentInstitutions should do costing before, during, and after the implementation of e-learning so that they are able to analyze return on investment and benefits of e Learning (Romiszowski, 2004 and Khan 2005, p.28-29).Program and course information catalogInstitution should provide precise information about their courses, schedule and fees etc (Mungania 2003, Khan 2005, p.30).Financial AidFinancial aid services should be provided to support learners by using technological and human support services (Khan 2005, p.32).PoliciesInstitutional e-learning policies must be communicated to all groups including instructors, learners, and support staff (Khan 2005, p. 35).In structional QualityInstructional quality in e-learning creates meaningful learning environment (Khan 2005,p. 35, Muilenburg and Berge (2005), Gulatee and Combes (2007), Lum (2006), Park and Choi (2009).Faculty and Staff supportFor effective e learning instructor, faculty members as well as supporting staff should receive proper training to support the learners (Khan 2005, p.41).Intellectual property rightsInstitutions must give information to the learners, as well instructors about intellectual property rights (Khan 2005, p. 39).Learning Skills DevelopmentWell-designed learners guide can help those learners, supporting staff how have no experience with open, distributed and flexible learning environment which includes Library, Tutorial Services, and Support Network (Khan 2005, p. 39) ), Wong (2007).3.2Management issues(Magalhaes, 2008) stated that lack of management support is number one barriers towards successful implementation of E learning system in institution. Management issue s of e-learning in organization ref